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THE CRADLE 



OF 



THE REPUBLIC: 



Jamestown and James River. 



BY 

LYON GARDINER TYLER, 

PRESIDENT OF THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY, 
WTLLIAMSKURG, VIRGINIA. 



^ 



RICHMOND, VA.: 

Whittet &' Shepperson, General Printers. 

1900. 



s. 



Copyrighted 

BY 

LYON G TYLER, 

1900. 

T ■ 



PREFACE. 

Ix giving" this book to the public I wisli to express my acknow- 
ledgments to Philip Alexander Brnec and Alexander Brown for 
the assistance which they have rendered me through their monu- 
mental works. The Economu: Histori/ of Virginia in the Seven- 
teenth Ccnturij and Tlie First Eepuhlic in America. My sincere 
thanks are also due to II. B. Smith, of the city of Williams- 
burg, who aided me very materially in preparing the charts of 
Jamestown Island and James River, and to Robert Lee Traylor, 
of Eichmond, who placed his library at my service, and aided in 
correcting the proof-sheets. 

LYOjf G. Tyler. 
Williamsburg, Va., Mai/ 14, 1900. 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 
I. I MMAXs Alon'c; Ja:mes Kivek, 9 

II. TiiK 1 SI, AVI) OK Jam KsTOWx. 15 

The Counfri/ Si(rrniiin]lii(/ ■liitiiestuwn Island, . . . 20 

III. Till-: I']n'(;ijsii at Jamkstowx, 21 

1. Suiin)i((ri/ of Polilical E cents, 62 

2. Bnnj esses of Jcuuestoivn, G-t 

IV. ClIAKACTER OK TIFE EMIGRANTS, (id 

\. Tji E Fort, 69 

\j YI. TriE Church, 73 

1. Fnrnliure and Service, 80 

2. Tombstones on the Island, 82 

o. List of Ministers and their Biographies, 87 

VII. Block-Houses, 99 

YIII. The Glass-House, 102 

IX. The Goverxor's House, 106 

X. TiiK State House, 110 

XI. Political Divisions, 117 

XII. Origin and History oe Places Along James 

lUVER, 120 

Authorities, " : .' 165 

V 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Page. 
Jamestown in 1622 FronUi^piece. 

Chart of Jamestown Island. 

View of Jamestown from Sandy Bay, 19 

The Indian Massacre in 1622, 34 

View of Jamestown from the River, 61 

The Tower of Jamestown 81 

William and Mary College, as it appeared during the Presidency of 

Dr. James Blair, 95 

A Block-House, 100 

The Governor's House — Greenspring, 107 

Chart of James River, Showing the Early Settlements. 
Grouping of Houses — 

Bacon's Castle — Carter's Grove — Lower Brandon — Upper 

Brandon, 125 

Malvern Hill — Shirley — Appomattox, 141 

Berkeley — Westover — Weyanoke — Sherwood, 157 



The Cradle of the RepubHc. 



I. 

THK INDIANS ALONG JAMKS RIVER. 

A T the iiino of the arrival of the Eiiglit^h in Virginia, the 
i \^ Indians found inhahiting the tide-water section were 
united in a confederacy of tribes, of which I'owhatan was the 
head war-chief, or werowance. He had his werowocomoco, or 
town of the chieftain, on Purton Bay (i. e., Poetan, or Powhatan 
Bay), York River. These Indians belonged to the Algonquin 
race. 

Each tribe received its werowance by appointment of Powhatan,, 
and these petty werowances numbered in all about thirty-four. 
They had each their proper territory defined by natural bounds, 
beyond which none presumed to pass without permission. Their 
towns were fixed habitations on the river side, and near by were 
cleared fields in which their corn, tobacco, gourds, pumpkins, 
beans and cymlings were sowed. 

At and around the Chesa]ieake Bay, on the soutli side, the 
Chesapeake Indians had tlicir ^•i^ages. It would ajipear from 
Strachey that tliey were new-comers in that region, and succes- 
sors of others, who had fallen victims to the jealousy and cruelty 
of Powhatan. "Xot long since," says Strachey, "his priests had 
told Powhatan that from the Chesapeake Bay a nation should 
arise wliich should dissolve and give end to iiis empire, for which 
(perplexed with this devilish oracle and divers understandings 
thereof), according to the ancyent and gentile customs, he de- 
stroyed and put to sword all such who miglit lie under any 
doubtful construccion of the said projtliecie, as all the inhabi- 
tants, Averowance, and his subjects of that province."' 

Perhaps it was the memory of this event and this prophecy 



:!0 The Cradle of the EEriBLic. 

that made the Indians in the Chesapeake region so quick 
to resent the landing of the whites at Cape Henry in April, 
1607. 

Above the Chesapeakes, on the same side, were the Xanse- 
monds, governed by four werowanees — Weyhohomo, Amapctough, 
Weyongopo aud Tirelitough. Tlieir vilhiges were for the most 
part on the Nanscmond IJiver. 

Next came the Warascoyacks, residing in the county of Isk^ of 
Wight. Tlieir chief town, Warascoyack. was near Smitbfield, 
on Pagan .River, and there was a small village, ]\[okcte, at Pagan 
Point, and another village, ^lathomank, on BurwelFs Bay. The 
werowance was Tackonekintaco. 

The neigh))ors of the ^Yarascoyacks were the Tappahannas, or 
Qnioughcohanuocks, whose territory extended through Surry and 
Prince George counties. The werowance was Pepiscumah, called 
for short Pepisco, who kept on good terms with the whites. 
However, in IGIO, he had been deposed Ijy Powhatan, and one of 
Powhatan's wives, Oholasc, was qneen in the ininority of her son 
Tahahcoope, who lived at Chawopo with Chopoke, one of Pepis- 
co's brothers. Quioughcohannock was on Upper Chippoke's 
Creek, near the present Claremont. The marsh at Brandon still 
retains the name of the Indians who once inhal^ited that neisfh- 
borhood — l;eing known as Tappahanna ^Marsh. 

IS^ext in order were the Weyanokes, whose chief town, "Wea- 
nock," appears to have been at Flower de Hundred. Their chief 
was called Ivaquothocim. 

Then came tlie people of the Appomattox River. The wero- 
wance of "Appumatuck" was Coquonasom. and his sister, Opusso- 
quionuske, was queen of a* small village on the site of Bermuda 
Hnndred. In KilO, having treacherously caused lu'r men to 
attack the English, whom she had received under the guise of 
hospitality in her village. Queen Opussoquionuske was driven 
by Captain George Percy and his men from her town, and the 
place made, shortly after, the seat of an English settlement— 
Bernmda Hundred. 

Above tlie falls of the river resided the hereditary enemies of 
the Powhatans — the ]\Ianakins, on the site of whose chief town 
in Mchol son's administration the French Huguenots were 
established. 



Tin: JxDiANs Alunc .Iami:s Uiveu. 11 

rrocec'dijig down the river on the north side, tlie tribe first met 
Avith was tlie Powhataiis. Thi'v were seated Just below the falls. 
Powhatan was born at this |)laee. hut his residence was at Wero- 
woconioeo, on ^'ork I'ivor. till. hccDiiiinji- uneasy because of the 
neighborhoo<l of the whilt's. he i-ciiioxcd to a place called Ora- 
paks, at the head of the Chickahoniiny K'iver. At the coining 
of the English, the werowance at the falls was Parahunt, one of 
Powiiatan's sons, called Tan.xnou liaiaii. which means ""Little 
I'owhatan." 'I'he village of Powhatan was situated on a hill, 
anil tlie site was pni-chased by Captain -lohn Smith, and called. 
"Xon-sucli."" Tlic pni'cliase ])v'\rr was in part a white boy 
named Henry Spelman (sou of Sir Ileni-y Spelman. the histo- 
rian), who spent iiiaiiy years among the Indians, learned their 
language, and was afterwards interi)reter for the colony. Cap- 
tain Francis West also purchased a tract of Parahunt situated 
in a valley near the falls, which was su])ject to overflow. A 
■quarrel rose between West and Smith as to the advantages of the 
two sites, and. the Indians attacking tlic scttlei-s. tlie ])lace was 
abandone(l. "Powhatan" is still the name of a j)lace below 
liichmond. which was long the home of the Mayo family. 

lielow llic I'owliatans wrvc the Indians of Ai'i'oliateck. Their 
■chief town was just above the Dutch (lap Canal, opposite Proc- 
tor's Creek, in Chestertlehl county. A farm in that quarter, 
owned l)y tlie Cox family for many yeai's. still retains the Indian 
name. The werowance in Kil'^ was Asluunpiid. 

.Vdjoining them was the territory of the ^^'eyanokes. wdiose 
chief town was. however, on the south side of the I'ivcr at Flower 
cle Hundred. 

Xext came tlie tcrritoiv o( the Paspaliegh Indians, extending 
from about Sturgeon I'oint. in ('liarles ('ity county, to Skiffes 
Creek, in James City county. .\s .lamestowu was located in this 
district, these Indians wrc brought into nuuv impoi'tant rela- 
tions with the whites than any of the tribes. Their chief was 
Vi'ochinchopunck, and fi'iuu the lirst he fiercely resented the in- 
trusion of the whites in his domain. In a savage hand-to-hand 
tiglit with Captain Smith on the coniu'cting neck, he was taken 
prisoner and carried to Jamestown, but e<c;i|te(l. He and his 
warriors would lie in wait neai- the glass-house ojjposite and cut 
off the unwarv whites, who venturc(| too far. At leiiti'th, on 



13 TiTE Cradi.k of :iiie Ekpublic. 

.Fi'hnunrv !», Kill, Cajitain (icoi-yc PtTcv. tlic coniinandaiit at 
Ja]nest()\V]i, scut I-'iisiiiiis Powell and Waller to surprise him. 
Ensign Powell, coming iij) with him near the old hhiek-house, 
"tlirust him twice throngli the hody with an arming swoi'd;"* and 
Jjieuteiiaiit Puttock. of the hloek-house. overtaking another eliief, 
closed with him. and "with his daggx'r. sent him to accompany 
liis master in the other woi'ld."" 

'i'he child' town of the Pas])aheghs was at Sandy Point, nearly 
op])osite to (^nionghcohaniiock. 

Finally, near the mouth of the rivei' was the district of the 
Keconghtans. Some years hcfore the English had arrived. Pow- 
liatan had pnrsued the same course as to the ])eople there as he 
iiad to the peo])lc in ('hesa])eake. 

The Kecoughtan trihc was then a very ])owei'ful one. Their 
country was the seat of sometimes as many as a thousand Indians 
and three hundred houses. Powhatan regarded the i)ower of 
the trihe with sus])icion, and on the death of the old werowance of 
ihe place, he stepped in while things were in confusion, and con- 
quered the people, killing the new chief and most of the tribe, 
and transporting the survivors over the \'ork, where he ([uartered 
them with his own ])eo])le. After nmch suit, these survivors ob- 
tained from him the country of l^ianketank, in Gloucester 
county, which country he had likewise dis])eo])led just al)out the 
time the English first arriM'd in Virginia. On one of their visits 
to Werowocomoco, the colonists were shown the scalps of these- 
unfortunates posted on the cabins of the chief. 

Powhatan placed I\)chins, one of his sons, at Kecouglitan. 
His town a])])ears to have been situated on the left side of Hamp- 
ton River, near the Soldiers' Home. 

There was a large open country in the neighborhood of nearly 
tM'O or three thousand acres, and the fishing was excellent. 
When, therefore, the Indians of Kecoughtan captured and killed 
a ]nan named Humphrey P>lunt, near the point in Warwick 
county wliicli bears his name, (iates made it the excuse to drive 
them away altogether. On duly 1!», KJIO, he set upon the town 
and captured it ; and to secure his new concpiest he put up two 
forts on the J-iiver Southampton (near the Soldiers" Home), 
Avhich he called Fort Henry and Fort Charles. 

The fighting strenii'th of these Indian tribes was estimated bv 



Tin: Indians Ai.dni; .I.\.\ii:s 1Iivi;i;. 13 

Straclii'V, about Kll'i. as I'ollows : Clu'sapcakcs. 100 warriors, 
Naiiseinond!?, 200; Warascoyacks, (iO ; Tappahaiinas, or Qiii- 
oiighcohaiiiuxks, 60 ; Wevanokes, 100 ; Appomattox, 120; Pow- 
liatans, 50; Arroliatecks, GO; Paspaheglis, 40, and Kccoughtans, 
30 — ill all, 820 Avarriors. 

Xcar by, on tlie York Hivci-. were lunncrous other tribes, the 
nearest of which was tlic Kiskiacks. two miles above Yorktown, 
tbe werowance of which was Ottabotiii. Tpoii the Pamunkey 
Pivcr. a branch of the ^'ork. were the vilhigcs of: Powhatan's 
three brothers. Opitchapaii, Opet'haiK-anouoli and Keeatough. 
Along the C'hiekahomiiiy. where there were fine fowling and fish- 
ing, lived a tribe of three luindred fighting men, who, while they 
]iai<l tribute to Powhatan, did not receive any werowances from 
him. but wei-e go\cnied by their priests, assisted b}' their old 
men, whoin they caMed Caweawwassonghes. 

The extent of PoMliatan"s dominions was greater than any of 
his predecessors in anthority evei- had. He had inherited only 
the countries of Powhatan, Arroiiateck, Appomattox, Pamunkey. 
Youghtamnnd and .Mattapamient. 1)ut he had by craft and 
arms extended liis dominions till they iiududed all the country 
from the Poanoke Piver on the south to a palisaded town called 
Tockwogii, standing at the bead of Chesapeake Bay. in forty de- 
grees north latitude, or thereabouts. 

He had a regular system of finance, and an organized force of 
tax-gatherers whom he sent around regularly to make collections. 
His laws on the subject were rigid and despotic. Every wero- 
Avance had to i)ay Powhatan eighty }>er cent, of all the commodi- 
ties Avhich their country yielded or the chase afforded; ''inso- 
much that they dared not dress a single deerskin or put it on 
until Powhatan had seen and refused it." 

To enforce his commaiuls, he kept always about him fifty 
armed savages, of the tallest in his kingdom, who were always 
ready for war. To those wiio offended him he knew no mercy or 
com])assion. The werowances everywhere groveled before him 
in abject tei-ro]-. 

This terrible old chief was over seventy years old when the 
English first intruded upon his d(miinions. He bore his years 
well : was tall in stature, and ])owerfully framed. His thin gray 
hair floated over his broad shoulders, and his countenance was 



14 The Cradle of the 1^<:public. 

fiirroAAC(l ami jiR'lan(iu)]y. lie had a round face and some few 
hairs upon liis ehin and upper lip. He died in April, 1618, and 
was succeeded by his brother Opitchapan. 

The Indians of Tidewater Virginia were very fond of reveling 
and dancing, and they had various nnisical instruments made of 
pipes and small goiirds, upon wliich they observed certain rude 
tiines. They had their love songs, which they sang with some 
idea of tune. They had also their angry and scornful songs 
against the Tassantassees, as they called the English. One of 
these songs is given by Strachey. It celebrates an attack which 
they made upon the English at the falls of the James River in 
1610, when Lord Delaware sent an expedition from Jamestown 
to search the country above the falls for gold mines. In this 
attack Lord Delaware's nejihew. Captain AVilliam West, was 
killed, Simon Skore, a sailor, and one Cobl>, a boy, taken prison- 
ers. The song ran as follows: 

Matanerew shashashewaw erawango pechecoma 
Vt'he Tassaiitassji inoshashaw yehockan pocosack. 
Whe whe, yah haha nehe wittowa, wittowa. 

Matanerew shashashewaw erawango pechecoma 

Capt. Newport iiioshasliaw neir inhoc natian matassan 

Whe whe, yah haha nehe wittowa, wittowa. 

Matanerew shashashewaw erawango pechecoma 

Tliom Newport inoshasliaw neir inhoc natian nionacock: 

Wlie whe, yah haha nehe wittowa, wittowa. 

Matanerew shashashewaw erawango pecliecoma 
Pochin Simon inoshashaw ningon natian monahack, 
Whe Avhe, yah haha nehe wittowa, wittowa. 

The word^^ of tlie song l)oasted that they had killed the English 
in s))ite of their guns (pocasacks). and the copper baubles with 
which (_*ai)tain Christopher Newport had hoped to laiy them off, 
that the nionacock (bright sword) carried l)y Thonuis Newport 
(tliat is. 'J'honias Savage. M'liom Xewport had presented to Pow- 
hatan, calling him his soii) liad no terrors, and that they had 
captured Simon Skore despite his tomahawk. Tlie chorus of 
eacli verse made mock lamentations over the death of Simon 
Skore, wboni tliey tortured. Wlir. irlir. etc.. ami the words, "Yah 
haha ni'lu' wittowa, wittowa." conveyt'd a jeering laughing com- 
mentary upon the English iack of fortitude under torment. 



II. 

THE ISLAND OF JAMESTOWN. 

JA^^IESTOWX ISLAND lies on the north side of the James 
Eiver^ about thirty-two miles from the mouth, and runs for 
length tlio course of tlie river, which is southeast. It averages 
two and one-half miles in lengtli, and three-quarters of a mile in 
breadth. Its area, according to a recent survey, is about seven- 
teen hundred acres, much of Avhicli is marsh land. Its soil is 
very fertile, and produces fme crops of corn and wheat. 

It is surrounded on three sides by the James Eiver, and on the 
north side by the Back River, which separates it from the main- 
land. It is traversed by Pitch and Tar Swamp on its northern 
part and Passmore Creek on its southern part. 

Pitch and Tar Swamp begins near James Eiver on the west end, 
winds around the church, passes back of the spot where the State 
House once stood, and, gathering its waters as it goes, empties 
into Back Eiver. Branches of the swamp penetrate the island 
in many directions; but l>y ditching and draining its upper por- 
tion has been saved to culti\ation, and now in that quarter smiles 
a beautiful valley, which was once sombre with the pine and the 
gum tree. 

Passmore Creek, named after Thomas Passmore, a carpenter, 
wlio was living on the island in IGSo, traverses the lower end of 
the island. It begins at James Eiver, near tliree-quarters of a 
mile below the present church, and, rimning southeasterly nearly 
the course of the river, flows into the river at the eastern end of 
the island, cutting oft' al)()ut one-third of the wliole area. 

The u])per part of the strip of dry land Ijetween this creek and 
tlie river is known as "(ioose Hill."" 

The ])()int at the extreme eastern end was known in the land 
grants as "Black Point.*' 

The land at the western end of the island rises well al)ove the 
water, and there the channel of the river passes close to the 



16 The Cradle of the IiEpublic. 

shore. But at the eastern end, the huul, though in the interior 
fairly elevated, falls awa}' on all sides, as it approaches the 
water. Consequently the river in that quarter is very shallow 
for some distance out, and the region of water is kno^vn as "Goose 
Island Flats." It was because the Merrimac drew too much 
water to cross these liats that she was blown up by the Confed- 
-erates in 1862. 

A great deal of money has been spent by successive proprietors 
to drain the numerous swamps in the island. Ditches, dykes and 
floodgates have been tried, and while much success has attended 
these efforts, there seems to be a continual tendency for the land 
to revert to its former condition. 

There was in 1607 a little bay at tlie point where Powhatan 
creek struck tlie neck of the island, and near this bay was a 
landing. Tlie l)ay was called Sandy Bay, and the landing called 
Frigate Landing. The island was then a peninsula tacked to the 
mainland at the Sandy Bay Ijy a narrow isthmus. 

In the years that have elapsed since tliat time great changes in 
the topography have ensued. The rush of the waters down the 
river and the swelling of the tides beating against the shores 
have carried away much of the soil along the mainland, and at 
the west end of the island. 

We are told that in 1676 the connecting isthmus was only ten 
paces (fifty feet) wide. 

Mr. Clayton, who wrote in 1688, makes the neck thirty yards 
wide, but says it was entirely submerged at tlie spring tides. In 
1718, the people of James City ])etitioned the General Assembly 
to compel Eichard Ambler, who kept the ferry at Jamestown 
Island, to keep up the causeway, which had been erected over 
the neck of the island. Col. Tarleton. in his Cainpaigiis. states 
that in 1781 Jamestown Island was "separated from the main- 
land by a small gut of water, not two feet wide at the reflex of 
the tide." 

In 1805, Professor L. H. Girardin, in his Amoeiiitates Graphi- 
cae, wrote of the ravages of the waters in the following words : 

"This 2)lace of original settlement (Jamestown) has undergone a 
very considerable alteration by the elementary war which the waters and 
the winds have unceasingly waged against it. Its diminution both on 
the southern and western side may be easily traced. :\lany yards of the 



TiiK lsi,A\i) OF Jamestown. 17 

palisades erected by the fust settlers are still to be seen at low tide stand- 
ing at least 150 or 200 pares from the present shore. The pieces of timber 
which were fixed perpendicularly in the ground, have decayed, until they 
have become entirely submerged by the gradual advancement of the river 
upon the land, where the fort originally stood. This fact shows that 
the land has sustained a great loss on its southern side; on the western 
the attrition is perhaps still more considerable. This conjecture ac- 
quires a high decree of probability from what we see every day still 
taking place, and from the very narrow slip of land (even this is inun- 
dated at the time of lii<:h water) -now remaining on that side as the only 
obstacle to llie force of the water, wlii<-h threatens soon sinless counter- 
acted by labor, to form a new cliaiiiiel through the island, a denomina- 
tion iL'hich Janiestoicn, map slrorlli/ a^ssumc." 

That there was still a slip of land in 1805 connecting the island 
with the mainland at low tide was doubtless due to the constant 
labor of the oA^aiers of that part of the island in repairing the 
ravages of the water. 

When we next read of the island in the SouUieni Lilerary Mes- 
senger for 1S3T, ^vc are told that the neck ^'had long since disap- 
peared, having been washed away b}- the force of the current and 
the tides."' 

The island had passed the year before into the possession of 
Colonel Goodrich Duri'ey, and he, feeling the necessity of better 
communication with the outside world, constructed a bridge in 
the water over the submerged neck ; and upon this bridge passed 
the stage carrying passengers to the wharf at Jamestown, where 
the steamers received them. 

In 1848, Benson J. Lossing visited the place, and found John 
Coke, father of the late liichard Coke, senator from Texas, in 
possession. Dr. Lossing made a sketch of the Sandy Bay from 
the opposite shore, then "four hundred yards" distant from the 
island. This view, which is printed in the Field Booh of the 
American Revolution, shows the piles only of the bridge. The 
bridge itself, erected by Colonel Durfey, had been swept away 
some months before by a tremendous gale and high tide, which 
submerged nearly the whole of the island, for three days keeping 
]\rr. Coke and his family, who resided there, close prisoners, and 
causing them to use for fuel the ornamental trees near the house, 
ill the absence of other material. 

In October, 1856, Bishop ^leade, in company with Dr. Silas 
Totten, of William and ^Mary College, and others, visited the 



IS 



The Ckadlk oi' the ]?ei'l.blk'. 



islniid, then owned liy Mnjor \\'illi;iiii Alien, of ( 'liireniont. The 
iniiinliind and the ishmd wei'e I'oniid se})ai'ated l)y "a third of a 
jiiik'( ?) of watei'."" The oidy aeeess was l)v row-hoat. 'Idle work 
of (k'sl ruction had jiassed ne;ii'ly a miU' from the oi-ij^'iiial con- 
nection witii tlte niainhmd to the h)wer part oi' the ohl settlement, 
^\hci-e once ^tood the puhlic huildinus and the churcli. .V large 
portion of the most heantifnl pai't ol' tlie island had l)een en- 
gulfed hy the wa\'es. The haidv was giving away within one 
lnmdi-e(l and fifty yai'ds of the old tower to the churcli. 

A yeai' or two after this ^Nfajor William Allen originated the 
present cau>eway across the swjini]) of the Back .River. This was' 
greatly inipro\(Ml in years aftei'wards hy the late Edward E. 
Barney, who ])laceil a handsome hridge across the Back Kiver. 
The present road atroi'd> a shortei' and more convenient route 
to tlie island than the ohl way aci'oss the neck. 

In IS!).'), the ladies of the .\ssoeiation for tlu' Preservation of 
\'irginia Anti(]ui1ies ohtained from ('ongi'css an a])))ro])riation of 
ten thousand dollai's for pi'otccting the island against the en- 
croachment of the waters. J^arge stones were phu-ed at the west 
end against the shore, hut the wa\es laughed at the engint'ci-, 
scooped out the sand from liehind tlu' stones and caused them to 
fall Hat. Since that time the slioi'e has receded some fifteen feet 
or UKU'e. or on the a\'erage al>out three feet a year. 
^ Now how much land has the island lost at the U])])er end since 
the vovagei's hiiuletl in UioT ? Of course, no exact reply can he 
given to such a (pu'stion. Xevertlieless the following considera- 
tions ma\' ludp us in rea(diing an appi'oximatt' coiKdusion : 

In 1 7 1(>, lion. Philip Pudwell. lieing distni'hed hy tlie t-laim 
that the Governor^ Tiand of three thousand acres helonging to 
the ])ul)lic took in a part of (Jreensjiring, showed that the sh!)re 
on the mainland, where tlie (ioveiaior's Land was situated, for 
six miles aliove Jamestown, had lost hy the encroachments of the 
rivei' one hundred acres in the i)ast tliii'ty years. 

On April 'is. l!M)(i. the author, in company witli ^Ir. H. B. 
Smith, of Williamshnrg, repaired to Jamestown and took some 
measurements and ohservations. We found the piles of (*olonel 
Dnrfev's old hi'idge across the neck still standing, with an ex- 
panse of water intervening on either side. On most of the net-k 
at low tide the water was not over two feet deei). The distance 



'I'm; INLAND oi- .lAMi:si(t\vx. 



1!) 



froiii shore to slioi-c. tjikini;- the line ol' the ])il('s, is sevciitocii huii- 
(lr-c(l feet, iir ncjirly oiic-l liii-d df a mile. On the main side wo 
found the hed <d' the ohi hi,i;li\\ay. and hii;<i-(' trees i;To\viii,u- in tlie 
centre. The di>tance liom a t I'ee standini;- neai' the neck on the 
ishind. alon^- the we>l ^hore. to the sonlhea>t shore is \cr\- nearly 
fifteen hnndi'ed feet, l-'roni the hitler point I'etraeing our ste|)S 
to the iiiiddh' of the hi'st rid^c. it is thi-ee hundred feet. On tlie 
shore at thi.- point ai-e the hist relies of the old ])o\vder nia,i>'azine. 
Alon.i;- the lid.-^'e the existeiu-e of seattere(| lii-iek and an old well 



y&^i 




VIEW OK JAMESTOWN FROM SANUY BAY. 
I Sketched in 1848, I.ossing's I'icld Book 0/ the American KeToiiitioii^ Vol. 11., p. 240. | 



indicate where the Hack Street om-e I'aii. From the middle of 
this riili;(- to the middle (d' Pitch and 'I'ar Swam]i it is three hun- 
dred and sixtv-oiie i'eel : from the hisi point to the to)) of the sec- 
ond ridu'c it is thi-ee hundred and thirty-nine feet, and fi-om the 
to)) of this v\i.\'jiv lo the tree near the suhnierucd neck it is five 
liiindred feet. 

T have been told hy a ))erso]i who lived on the ishind as a vouth 
that a cy])ress tree that now stands two hundred and ninety feet 
in the water from the shore near the old inapizine, was, in 1846. 



.20 The Cradle of the EEruBLic. 

on the shore where the water at high tide would scarcely flood. 
I have also been told that the j^iles of the old steamboat wharf, 
bnilt by Col. Durfey near the southwest point above the church, 
were so near the shore fifty-five years ago that it required only a 
plank to reach to the pier-head. It must be remembered too that 
George Percy says that the channel in 1607 approached so near 
the shore that the settlers were able to moor their ships to the 
trees growing on land. On the wliole, then, I think the ancient 
shore above the church probably followed very closely the line in- 
dicated by the present channel of the river. On the west the 
line of the shore made a sharper angle with the channel than 
now. It extended out perhaps three hundred yards in that 
quarter over the present shallow ledge of water. 

Prol)ably, then, fifty or sixty acres at the upper part of the 
island have been worn away in the course of two hundred and 
ninety-three years. 

The Country Surrounding Jamestown Island. 

The portion of the country beyond the neck on the west side of 
Powhatan Creek was called The Main. 

The portion of country on the north side of Back Piver, be- 
tween Powhatan Creek and Mill Creek, which enters the Back 
Eiver from the north at the lower end of the island, was called 
the Nech of Land. 

The country down the river, between Mill Creek and Archer's 
Hope Creek, was called Archer's Hope. 

On the other side of the river a creek known as Gray's Creek 
cut oil' Swan's Point. The early settlements in tliat region were 
called the Plantations Across the Water. Here the poet George 
Sandys, treasurer of the colony, had a plantation in 1625. 

Further \\j) the river on the same side were Four Mile Tree 
aud Pace's Pains. 

And down the river nearly opposite to Archer's Hope was Hog 
Islan d. 



III. 

THE ENGLISH AT JAMESTOWN. 

IT was an utterance of the wise Sir Francis Bacon that "as in 
the arts and sciences the first invention is of more conse- 
quence than all the improvements afterwards," so "in kingdoms 
the first foundation or plantation is of more noble dignity and 
merit than all that followeth."' Jamestown has the glory of 
being the first permanent English settlement in America, and 
as such was the Cradle of the Republic of the United States. 
Had tlie expedition sent oat from London in 1606 failed of a 
permanent footing on these shores, the opportunity of establish- 
ing here an Anglo-Saxon colony might have passed away never 
to return. The Spaniards, who claimed all ISTorth America, 
might have, by establishing settlements of their own, prevented 
any further attempt on the part of the English. 

Hence it is, that while Jamestown was never anything more 
than a mere village, its history as "the first jilantation"" and "the 
first colonial invention'"' must give it paramount interest in the 
history of the United States. To the philosophic historian who 
can appreciate the meaning of Bacon, the three small ships 
which bore the first settlers to the shores of the island — the 
Sarah Constant, the Goodspecd and the Discovery — are invested 
with tenfold more iiiterest than the proudest iron-clad squadron 
that sails the seas to-day. Here were the first trial by jury, the 
first English church, the first English marriage, the first birth 
of an English child in Virginia, and the first legislative assembly 
in America. 

"Here,"' in the eloquent language of Henry A. Wise, of Vir- 
ginia, "the old world first met the new. Here the white man first 
met the red for settlement and civilization. Here the white man 
first wielded the axe to cut the first tree for the first log cabin. 
Here the first log cabin was built for the first village. Here the 



22 The Cijadle ui' the IJeitiu^ic. 

first village rose to be the first State capital. Here was the first 
capital of our empire of States — here was the very foundation of 
a nation of freemen, wliieli has stretelied its dominion and its 
millions across the continent to the shores of another ocean. Go 
to the Pacific now to measure the progression and 2><^\^'t^i' of a 
great people I" 

Dr. Alexander Brown graphically says: "Virginia was the 
mother of the ICnglish colonies in America, and the city of 
London was tlie mother of Virginia. London was the great 
heart, and Old Father Thames the great artery of England." 
The great Qneen Elizabeth and her sea-kings, l)]-ake. Hawkins, 
Gilbert, IJaleigh and otliers. stood sponsors at the baptism of the 
new realm. The defeat of the Inyincible x\rmada by Sir Francis 
Drake and Sir John Hawkins was the opening eyent in the history 
of the United States. A passage through the Spanish power to 
the western continent was not, howeyer, finally attained till 159G, 
when Ealeigh, with the Earl of Essex and Lord Thomas Howard, 
destroyed tlie Spanisli ileet in a great battle before Cadiz. Sev- 
eral attempts were made by Sir Walter to colonize Virginia, and 
in spite of his failure he never lost heart. In 1602, he wrote to 
Sir Robert Cecil in regard to Virginia, "I shall yet live to see it 
an English nation." It was only four years after this declaration 
that James I. issued the charter under wliich England's first 
permanent colony was established. 

Among the influential men who assisted in ])utting the colony 
on its feet were Eo1)ert C/cdl, Earl of Sa]isl)ury, the Secretary of 
State: Sir John Popham, Lord Chief Justice: Henry Wriothes- 
ley,Earl of Southampton; Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Richard Hack- 
luyt, the geographer ; Sir Thomas Smith, the eminent London 
merchant ; Sir Thomas Gates, who liad l:)een selected as land 
officer in the Drake-Sidney voyage to America (1585-'86) ; Sir 
George Somers, a menil)er of Parliament (who had served under 
Raleigh), Captain Edward ]\Iaria Wingfield (who had served in 
the Low Countries war against Spain), Captain .Tolni Smitli, 
whose re|)ntation for adventure in Europe pointed him out as a 
man fitted to incur dangerous responsibilities in America, and 
Captain Christopher Newport, destined to l)e admiral of the first 
fleet to A'irginia. 

On Saturday, December 20, KiOi;. tliree small vessels, the 



Till': Ivvci.isii AT .)a.m i:s'i()\\ \. '-iS 

!^(intlt Cinishiiil , ol' one liii nd red tons hurdcii. ciniiiiuiiujt'd Ijy the 
Admiral ( 'lii-i>t()|ih»'i- Nc\\|>ni-t. a >;nl(ir famed in the wars with 
tS[)ain ; the (Joodsprci! . of I'oiiy Idiis, ('a|»taiii Bartholoiucw Gos- 
nold. vice-admiral, and the Discorenj. of twenty tons. Captain 
John HatelilTe. saih'd from London with one hnndred and sixty 
souls, adventurei-s ,ind mariners. 'I'liey had ehdiorale instruc- 
tions from His Majoty Kini; .lames, and I'l-om Ili> Majesty's 
Council Cor \"iru'inia. and amon^;- the ordei's was one that tliey 
shonid make tlu'ii- settlement some one hundivil nnles inlaiul. so 
as to he I'l'eei- from llu' attack of tln' Spaniard. 

Proceediui;' hy way of the West Indies, the voyagers [)assed 
\\ithin ilie \'ii'ginia capes on .\])ril ■?(_). KiDT. Ih're they an- 
chored, and. landing" at ('ape lleni-y. they set uj) a cross on April 
■J!>tli. The next (hiy they visitt'd the Indian town of Kecoughtan, 
near where Iiani])ton is now located. Planning theii' "shallop/' 
Cai)taiii Newport and son)e <d' the settlers coasted up the river as 
far as the A2)pomattox. On May 12th, on their way hack to the 
ships, they discovered a }toint of land which they called Archer's 
Hope, named, it is helieved, in honor of C*aptain (4ahriel Archer, 
and "if it had not heen disliked hecause the ships could not ride 
neare the shore we had settled there to all the colonies content- 
ment." On the next day the ships came up the river past Archer's 
Hope to the spot selected for their resting-place in the Paspahegh 
countrv, some four miles from Archer's Hope, where, hy the 
depth of the water, they were enabled to lie so near the shore as 
to moor their ships to the trees. On May 14th (^lay 24th, new 
style), "we landt'd all our men. which were set to work al)out the 
fortification, ajid others, some to watch and ward as it wi-re con- 
venient." 

Ih're. then, on ^lay Uth (May 24th, new style) was the he- 
ginning of the settlement at Jamestown. 

The colonists were at fii-st in high hopes. All nature seemed 
to welcoiue them to theii- lU'vr home. The great trees had ])ut on 
their deepest green. The ground was carpeted with many flowers 
of many dyes and hues. "The air was sweet with ])erfume. and 
the song of the mocking-hird bathed the island in delicious 
music. 

The names of the first settlei-s at Jamestown Island, as far as 
preserved by Captain John Smith, were as follow^s: 



24 



The Cradle of the Republic. 



"Cotincil. 
Mr. Edward Maria Wingfield 
Captaiiie Batholomew GosnoU 
Captaine John Smith 
Captaine John Ratcliffe 
Captaine John Martin 
Captaine George Kendall 

Qcntleuicn 
Mr. Robert Hunt, Preacher 
Mr. George Pereie 
Anthony Gosnoll 
George Flower 
Captaine Gabriel Archer 
Robert Fento-n 
Robert Ford 
William Bruster 
Edward Harrington 
Dru ( e ) Pickhouse 
Thomas Jacob 
John Brookes 
Ellis Kingston 
Thomas Sands 
Benjamin Beast 
Jehu Robinson 
Thomas Mouton 
Eustace Clovill 
Stephen Halthrop 
Kellani Throgniorton 
Edward Morish 
Nathaniell Powell 
Edward Browne 
Robert Behethland 
John Penington 
Jeremy Alicock 
George Walker 
Thomas Studley 
Richard Crofts 
Nicholas Houlgraye 
Thomas Webbe 
John Waller 
John Shor,t 
William Taiikard 
William Smethes 



Francis Snarsbrough 
Richard Simons 
Edward Brookes 
Richard Dixon 
John Martin 
Roger Cooke 
Anthony Gosnold 
Thomas Wotton. Chirurg. 
John SteA'enson 
Thomas Gore 
Henry Adling 
Francis Midwinter 
Richard Frith 

Carpenters 
William Laxoir 
Edward Rising 
Thomas Emry 
Robert Small 

Labourers 
John Laydon 
William Cassen 
George Cassen 
Thomas Cassen 
William Rodes 
William White 
Old Edward 
Henry Tavin 
George Goulding 
John Dods 
William Johnson 
William Vnger 
Jam: Read, Blacksmith 
Jonas Profit, Sailer 
Thomas Cowper, Barher. 
Wil Garret, Bricklayer 
Edward Brinto, Mason 
William Loue, Taylor 
Nic: Scott, DruDi 
Wil: Wilkinson, Chirurg. 
Samuel Collier, hoy 
Nat Pecock. hoy 
James Brinnfiekl. hoy 
Richard jNIutton. hoy 



With divers others to the number of one hundred." 
number left at the Island on June 22, 1607, was 104.) 



(The total 



The En"glisi[ at Ja.mkstowx. 25 

The settleniwit was made on the higli ground at the upper end 
of the island. Here tlie ehannel ran ch.)se to the hind, enabling 
the settlers to niodr their ships to the trees on the shore in "six 
fatlioni water." The land was then covered with a dense growth 
of pine, gnni, hiekorv and oak. The first work undertaken after 
tlie Englisli had set-ured a footing in the island was to cut down 
the trees, and to clear a spot for the fort, a precaution which 
their situation made important. By the 15th of June the fort 
was completed. It was triangle-wise, and the sides were pro- 
tected by palisades. 

Within tlie fort on each side, at an equal distance from the 
palisades, was "a settled street of hoiises, running along so as each 
line of the angle had its street." These "houses," so-called, were 
mere cabins covered with clapboard and thatched with reeds, and 
so frail that they needed constant repairing to keep out the wind 
and weather. 

Soon after their arrival, the colonists planted in the cleared 
ground about the fort on ''two little mountains," meaning rising 
ground, the English wheat which was brought over by the fleet. 
By June the 15th it had sprung a man's height from the ground. 

But the hopes entertained at their first arrival were destined 
to be short-lived. The first summer was one of great suffering 
at Jamestown. The provisions which the colonists had brought 
with them were much injured by the long trip at sea, and starva- 
tion, sickness, Indian attack, and local discord soon reduced their 
number from one hundred and iowr, the number first left behind 
on the island, to forty only. 

With the approach of fall the condition of things became bet- 
ter. The Indians ceased their war, the air grew salubrious, and 
the river became filled with ducks aud geese, which afforded a 
good entertainment to the survivors. 

On January 7, 1608, three days after the arrival of the "First 
Supply," Jamestown was accidentally burned. - The fire con- 
sumed nearly all the buildings in the fort, including the library 
of Mr. Hunt, the minister, the church, the store-house for pro- 
visions, and the store-house for ammunition. 

By the labor of Captain Xewport and his mariners the town 
was restored during the winter, and wdien the spring advanced, 
further repairs Avere made on the palisades, church and store- 



2C) The Cradle oi'^ ^jiik Kimti'.ijc^ 

Jioiisc by .Aiiister Scrh'ener and Captain John .Sniitli, of the 
CoiiiuJl. After Smith's election to the ])resi(leiicy on September 
10, 1(;<>S, these works were I'eiiewed. besides other improvements. 

After this Captain Newport arri\-ed with the Second Siipjdy, 
in Oetoher, KiHS. 

During the spring of tlie sncceedi'ng year. JtiOl). we hear of a 
■well of "excellent sweet Avater" made in the fort. Till then de- 
])en(k']ice had hi'eii had ii[)on tlie water of the river, which, during 
the suiinuer months, was ofteu l)racl-;ish and very unwholesome. 
Some twenty new houses were built, the chui'ch re-covered, and a 
))h)ck-liouse I'aised "in the neck of oui- isle, kept by a garrison to 
entei'taiii the salvages trade and none to passe nor repasse, salvage 
or christian, without the president's order."" Captain Smith said 
that at the time he left the colony, about October 5, KiOO, James- 
town "was strongly palisaded, and contained fifty or sixty 
houses."" l)Ut jnost of these houses had been, doubtless, put up 
by the new arrivals, in nnmber al)()id two hundred men, women 
and children, part of the expeditioji under Sir. Thomas Gates, 
which constituted the Third Supply. 

Tliese ]Tew-comers had arrived in a de])lorabk' condition. They 
had been separated in a storm from the Hrii Venture, l)earing 
their commanders. Sir Thomas Gates and Sir Ceorge Soniers. 
Their supplies had l)een mined by the rain, and the plagne and 
the yelh)w fe\'er were raging among tliem. Tlien ensued the 
period called the "Starving Time," during which the number of 
colonists at Jamestown was reduced from four hundred to only 
sixty survivors. When at length Sir Thonuis Gates, with one 
hundred and forty emigrants, w-as able, after an enforced absence 
for forty-two weeks in the Bermudas, on which the Sea Venture 
had been wrecked, to reach the point of his destination, ]\Iay 23, 
1610, he fV)un(l Jamestown "rather as a ruin of some ancient 
fortiiication than that any person living might now inhabit; the 
palisadoes tourn down, the })ortes open, the gates from the 
hinges, the church ruined and unfrequented, empty houses whose 
OMaiers" untimely death had taken newdy from them, rent up and 
burnt, the living not able as they pretended to step into woods to 
gather other fire-wood, and it is true the Indians as fast killing 
witliout as the famine and pestilence within. Only the block- 
house somewhat regarded was the safetie of llie remainder tliat 
lived." 



Tin; J^.\(ii.isii AT ,)a.m];st()\v.\. 27 

(Governor (iates cast anchor before .Taiiiestown on Wednesday, 
May 2:]. lii'o. Ih- landed and visited tiie clnireli. caused the bell 
to be ruiiii'. at which all wlio wci'c ahh' rcpaii'cd to the same and 
listened to a zealous and sorrow rul jiraycr from the new minister, 
Kev. Iiichard Buck, who came with (iates. 

After consultation with 1)is Council on or Ijefore -June 1st, 
(iovernor Gates readied the coiu-lusioii that there was no way be- 
fore him save to abandon the colony, lie accoi-dino-ly caused all 
the small arms to he can-ied aboard. hurie(I the cannon of the fort 
at the Fort Gate, and on ,Juiu' 7th commanded every nuin at the 
beatino- of the drum to re])air nboaid. And because he did not 
think it riu'lit to burn the town, which some intemperate and 
malicious people threatened, he caused his own company, which 
he had brouo-lit from the Xetiierlands under the command of 
('a[)tain Georae "^i'eardley, to t'udtai'k after the rest, and was him- 
self the last to go al)oai'd. 

That night the ships fell down with the tide to Hog Island, 
and the next morning the tide l)rought them to ^Iull)erry Island. 
where they met the Virginia, in which Lord Delaware, who had 
arrived with his fleet at Point ( •onifort, had sent Captain Edward 
Brewster with letters to Sir 'J'homas Gates, commanding him to 
return to Jamestown. 

•"'And Gates the next morn i e.g. to the great grief of all his 
company (onl\' except Captain John ^Eartin), as wind and 
weather gave leave, retiirned his whole company with charge to 
take possession again of those poor ruinated habitations at James- 
town, which he had foiMuerly abandoned. Himself in a boat pro- 
ceed'ed down to meet His Lordship, who making all speed up, 
arrived shortly after at Jamestown."" 

Lord Delaware's commission as Lord Governor and Captain 
(ienei-al. during 1 he term of his natural life, with principal 
authority, Ijoth liy land and sea, over the said ccdony. etc., was 
sealed In* His Majesty's Council for the company on Fel)ruary 
28, KilO. He brought with him '"a Inindred old soldiers, good 
people, and a few knights."' Lord Delaware' reached Jamestown 
with his ships on Sunday, June 10, IGIO, and in the afternoon 
went ashore with Sir Ferdinando Weyman, landing at the south 
gate of the palisades fronting the river; Sir Thomas Gates 
caused his comjmny in arms to stand in order and make a guard, 



28 The Cradle op :riiE Iiepublic. 

Williniii Straclic}', acting on this special occasion as color- 
bearer. 

xVs soon as the Lord Governor landed he fell upon his knees be- 
fore them all and made a long and silent prayer to God. Then 
arising he marched up into the town, Strachey bowing with his 
colors; and as they entered the gate they fell at his Lordship's 
feet who passed on to the chapel, where he heard a sermon from 
Eev. Eichard Buck ("Sir Thomas Gates his preacher"). After 
that Lord Delaware caused his ensign, Anthony Scott, to read 
his commission, which entitled him Lord Governor and Captain 
General, during his life, of the colony and plantation in A^irginia 
("Sir Thomas Gates our Governor hitherto, being now styled 
therein Lieutenant General"), upon which Sir Thomas Gates 
delivered up to his Lordship "his owne commission, both patents, 
and the Counsell seale." 

The Lord Governor then uttered some few words of reproach, 
warning, and advice and cheer. 

Lord Delaware had the sorry settlement cleansed, the church 
repaired and the houses made once more warm and defensive 
against "wind and weather." Their roofs were covered with 
boards, and the sides of some with Indian mats. During the 
winter which succeeded the colonists lived in tolerable comfort, 
and having abundance of good wood near the fort, they main- 
tained large fires; and as Strachey, the secretary of Lord Dela- 
ware said, although they had no "wanton city ornaments" — 

"We dwell not here to build us bowers. 
And Halls for pleasure and good cheer, 
But Halls we build for us and ours 

To dwell in them while we live here."' 

The fort was newly palisaded with strong plank and posts, "the 
latter being set four foot deep in the ground." Despite, however, 
Straehey's favorable ^jicture, the buildings at this j^eriod must 
have been very frail, since the very next year, when Sir Thomas 
Dale arrived. May 19, 1611, Lord Delaware having in the mean- 
time returned to England, extensive repairs were again neces- 
sary. 

"May 20th Deputy- Governor Dale held a consultation with his 
Council, and they decided at once to repair the church and store- 
house, to l)uild a stable for their horses, a munition house, a 



The ExGLisii at Ja.mestowx. 29 

}>owclor house and sturgeon dressing house; to dig a new well; 
to make brick; to raise a block-house on the north side of the 
Back River in order to prevent the Indians from killing the cat- 
tle ; a house to store hay in and lodge the cattle in winter, and to 
perfect a smith's forge; besides private gardens for each man, 
public gardens for hemp and flax, and such other seeds; and 
lastly a bridge to land the goods dry and safe upon. Captain 
Edward Bre^\'ster with his gang was to repair the church, etc. ; 
Captain Lawson Avith liis gang to Ijiiild the stable, and Captain 
Xewport with liis mariners undertook the bridge."' 

In August following Dale's arrival, .Sir Thomas Gates came 
in. bringing his daughters and many immigrants, ]iearly all 
artisans — workers in iron, builders of ships, mill-wrights for 
water-mills, agriculturists, brick-makers and bricklayers, fisher- 
men, carpenters, smiths, etc. 

Under the commission from Lord Delaware, Gates became the 
chief of the colony in the place of Dale, who was sent with the 
majority of the colonists io build a new toAAii near the falls, to be 
called Henrico, in honor of the noble Prince Henry, "whose royal 
heart was ever strongly affected to that action." 

(Jates remained at Jamestown with the rest of the company, 
whom he kept working at the place, till by "his care and provi- 
dence," he succeeded in reducing it to a "handsome Forme." 
Ealpli Hamor, who succeeded William Strachey as secretary, 
described it as follows in 1615 : "It hath in it two faire rows of 
houses, all of framed timber, two stories and an upper garrett or 
corne loft, high, besides tbi'ce large and substantial store-houses 
joyned together, in length some hundred and twenty foot and in 
breadth forty. This town bath been lately newly and strongly 
impaled, and a fair platrorme in the west Bulwai'ke raised. 
There are also without this town in the Island some very pleas- 
ant and beautiful houses, two block-houses (to observe and 
watch lest the Indians at any time should 8wim over the Back 
River and come into the Island) and certain other farm-houses. 
The command and government of this town hath master John 
Sharpe liftenant to Capt. Francis West, brolln'r to tlie right 
honorable the Lord Lawarr." 

A year later John Rolfe, who was Hamor's successor in the 
office of Secretary of State, wrote that at Jamestown there were 
about sixty persons under the command of Lieutenant John 



30 I'll i: ( 'i; ADi.i: ov i ii i: IJiini'.i.ic 

Sliiii'|ic. ill llic ;ili-ciicc (if (';i|it;iin |-'i-;i ii(i> West, "w licrciil' lliiiiy 
j one iii'i' r.-ii'mcf- :" llial "llicy nil iii;iintiiiiic(l i li('iii-i'l\c~ with 
food and i-aiiiiciit :"" and that the mini.-lci' liici-c was l>'c\-. IJicliard 
]^nck. "a \vv\r Li'ciod jtrcarlicr."" 

In .Ma\, liiJCi. Sii- (ifoi-Lic ^'(■al•dl^\. wlm. like (ial<'> and Dale, 
liad Ik'cii an olliicr in llic Low Conntrio. Ix'canic hcpuiy- 
(io\ci-nor foi- Lord I >clawarc. hnrini:- hi.- hricf adininisl rat ion 
of a \cai- '■the rojoin' li\cd in the |icafc and host |dcnty thai it 
liad cNci' had nntil that tinu'."' and was "well stored with corn 
in all |iai1>."" NcNCi't holes-. Veai'dley seenie(l to realize more 
(dearlv than an\- of the early L;-o\ern(M-s the ini|i(irlant pai't to- 
liac-co was deslineil to phn; in the de\ elo|tnient <>( \ ii'izinia. Ih; 
eiicoiirasi"('d its ::rowth e\cn at the exiieiise (d' .laniotnwn. Wdieii 
Ar.i^all displaced ^'eai'dley in May. 1(117. lie lunnil .laniestown in 
a state of |H'rfect neglect. The peojile wei'c e\crywhere dispersed, 
sfokinii' the ln-st s]h)1s J'oi' the ciiltnre (d' tohaceo. At .lainestowii, 
tlie market plaeo. streets and all other s[)are places were set witli 
this ])lant. lie I'ouml tlu' chui'ch down, the palisades hrokeii. tlie 
))rid,u-e in pieces. tlie wvW ol' fresh water spoiled, the stoi'ediouse 
beini;' \ised for the churcli. and not o\('i' li\c or >i\ lionses in 
Jajuestowii hahitahle. 

This condition seemed .-liockiiig to Av,u'all. hnt the fact was 
that thn< eai'ly had the eeoiioiiiic destiny of \'irii'inia asseiled 
itself. Jt seems doubtful in view id' all the calamities which the 
settlers were compelled to iinderuo whcthei- the Loiuloii Company 
eould have succeeded in niakini;- a permanent settlement in Vir- 
ginia withonl the aid of this seductive wet'd : and in the vei-y 
ontset. the cultivation of this sta])le declared its antagonism to 
towns and cit ies. 

Tobacco was then -omelimes sold in JMigland as high as ten 
shillings a pound, a sum e(piai in our pi-esent money to $r.?.oO, 
an enormous llgni'e compareil with our pi-esent market pric<' of 
seven cents. Argall now began the foolish ])olicy which so long 
prevailed. He attem])ted to overturn nature's decree by making- 
one of bis own. and h\ way of discouraging the raising of toi)aceo 
he issued a ]u-oclaiuation lixing the pi-ice at tlii-ee shillings a 
pound. 

As for daniestown. Argall restoi'ed it once more, repaired the 
clmi-ch and the cottages, and made \\"illiam I'owell •"Lieutenant- 



Till:; l^NciLisii A r .1 A.\ii;si()\\ X. 



31 



(iovcrimr .iiid ( '(iiiiinandcr dl' .liiuicstown, the Mnck-liouse's. aiul 
tlu' ju'dpic 1 licrt'."" 

AriiMll. ill ;l iirncliiiii.it ion djltcd Ajtvil '] . 1()1!*. declared that 
(lie e(ii'|»iiratioii and |iari>li oL' .Iniiieslown included. lie<ides the 
ishind. llic c(unili-y in the north side id' .lames Kiver east of 
Arpilhs town, the Ne(d< of Land on the north of Back Rivi'v. and 
Ai'clier's llo|ie; and on the south side. Ilo^- Island, and the 
Tap})ahanna c<iuni ry as far as the Four Mile 'I'ree. 

Kut Ai\L;all did little more at Jamestown than to repair tlie 
l>uildiiiL;'s which he found in place, and we are told that when 
Sir (u'()i\ti'e Yeardley returned with the full title id' (ioxernor and 
('a[itain-(;eneral of \'iri;inia two years later, he found in .lames 
('it\' "only those houses that Sir 'idiomas (iates luiilt in the time 
of his l;-o\ criiiiient . There were, to he >uvt\ the (iovernor"s llouf?e. 
Avhicli Ariiall had enlar.iicil. and a cluirch of tiinher fifty feet in 
len_i;th and twent\' in hreadth."' huilt durin.i;' the course of his 
brief a(lniiiii>t rat ion "w holly at The c-hai\i;'e of the inhahitaiiT? of 
.Jamestown. "" 

Not only was .laniestowii iu a state of di'cay. hut lIeiiri<-o also, 
and the olhei- set t leiiieiit>. Tliei'e ha<l heeii at Henrico a large 
uuinlier (d' houses, hut all of them had gone to ruin. The wooden 
(•hu!'(di at that place was in the last stage of dilapidation. The 
liouses at Coxeiidale, Arahateck and (diaries City wen- all to 
])ieees. The forts at .laniestown aiul the other settlements — ■ 
Jlenrico. Charles ('ity. Charles Jhindreil. Shirley Humlred. Ara- 
hateck. Martin I>raiidoii. and Keeoughtan — were poorly housed 
and ill f(U'tiiicd. 'idle guns at .laniestowu consisted of "two denii- 
cnlveriiis mounteil upon rotten cai'riages, fitter to shoot down our 
houses than to olfend an ennemie." Su(di was the testimony of 
1 he (ieiieral .\sseinh|\' ill 1 (i'id on the condition of things in Kill), 
and it was a just coniineiitary on the results of martial law wdiicdi 
A\as eiiforceil hy Sir 'Idiomas Dale and Sir Sainmd Argall espe- 
cially with merciless sexci'ity. 

The year Hill) witnes>ed the heginniiig of a new era iu A"ir- 
giiiia. A complete change in the methods of go\('r]iment was 
inaugurate(!. I)uring the whole peidod from KiOT to Kilit the 
(■(dony had heeii adinini>tere(l under the nuirtial law. The only 
nlteralioii wliicli had really taken place after the (diarter of KiOl), 
was the transfer of authoritv fi'oiii the Council, wdiose inemhers 



32 The Ceadle of the IiEpublic. 

were forever at war with oue another, to an absolute governor. 
In some respects, the alteration was for the worse, since the 
tyranny of the President of the Council had been in a degree 
restrained by the jealousy of his fellow-members, whereas there 
was no influence of any kind to operate upon the arbitrary actions 
of Sir Thomas Gates, Sir Thomas Dale, and Sir Samuel Argall — 
three men characterized by the united voice of the people of Vir- 
ginia in 1G24 as tyrants of the most ultra type. 

During the latter jjeriod, there was far more vigor of action, 
because far more unity of purpose; but the results achieved were 
steeped in the tears and blood of the settlers and appear to have 
had no great permanent value. In less than three years after 
Dale left Virginia, Henrico and Bermuda, two places colonized 
by him, under a system of more than ''Scythian cruelty," were 
almost in ruins. Dale, who drove the people into rebellion by his 
arbitrarv rule, afterwards, like other tyrants have done, justified 
his rule by that very rebellion. 

In 1619, the period of the '*Joint Stock"' at last expired, and 
the London C*()m])any, which had continued the system with its 
military government, seven years longer than was at first pub- 
lislied in the King's instructions, had to establish some new 
form of government. Sir George Yeardley arrived in April, 1G19, 
with commissions and instructions ''for the l)etter establishment 
of a Commonwealth here." He made proclamation that "those 
cruel laws by which we, the ancient planters, had been so long 
governed were noAv alu'ogated, and we were to be governed by 
those free ]a\vs which his ]\[ajesty"s subjects lived under in Eng- 
land." He began at once a distribution of lands among the old 
settlers, awarding to each one hundred acres, and one hundred 
acres for every share of money (twelve pounds and ten shillings) 
advanced by any adventurer in England or Virginia, with the 
promise of one hundred acres more. He called upon the people 
tc elect an assembly, and on July 30, 1619, the first free legisla- 
tive body over convened on the Ainerican continent met in the 
church at Jamesto-wn. A college and a free school were in con- 
templation, and settlers flocked to Virginia by hundreds. 

In August, 1619, the Treasurer, a ship belonging to Captain 
Argall, and a Dutch man-of-war, which had been engaged to- 
gether in robbing the Spanish plantations in the West Indies, 



The ExciLisii at Jamkstowx. 33 

arrived with .-oiiic stuicji negro slaves, twenty of whom they sold 
to the people at Jamestown. This was the beginning of African 
slavery in the United States. 

Sir (leorge Yeardley, nnder instructions from the London 
Company, drew the settlements together into four great corpora- 
tions, of which Jamestown, Charles City, Henrico and Kecough- 
tan were the capital cities, and proceeded to rebuild the ruined 
settlenu'iits. 

Jn Oetoher, U^'il, he was succeeded by Sir Francis Wyatt, a 
man of similar lil>ei'al temperament, who continued the good 
woi-k ; but the t'Xtraordinary sickliness of the colony during the 
next three years ( 1(521 to 1024) aiid the mortality occasioned by 
an Indian massacre operated, of course, as a great hindrance to 
their labors, while it encouraged their enemies in England to 
attaclc the new administration of the London Company under 
Sir Ltlwin Sandys, N^icholas Ferrar and Henry Wriothesley, Earl 
of Southampton. For, after all, the mischievous government to 
which the A^irginians had been subjected till 1619 was not the 
chief trouble which the colonists experienced. It had been the 
policy of the Tjondon Company to minimize the evils of climate 
and Indian attack and to throw the blame on the colonists them- 
selves. A'irginia had to be "boomed" at all costs, and so the 
country had been represented as a paradise for health, and the 
Indians as gentle as doves. According to report, it was always 
some factions intriguers or the worthlessness of many among the 
settlers that brought the calamities. This is -the way that Cap- 
tain Smith puts it. 

Bnt the silent and overwhelming refutation is fcmnd in the 
numbers that laid down their lives in Virginia for the founding 
of the State. Out of a total of fourteen thousand emigrants, 
from IGOT to 1622, only twelve hundred and fifty-eight were sur- 
viving at the time of the massacre in the latter year. 

The upturning of the virgin soil in Virginia let loose the 
miasnui of centuries, and the poor settlers, having no medicines 
to combat with the diseases, perished by thousands. 

The Indian massacre which happened in 1622 reduced the 
number of actual settlers in Virginia from twelve hundred and 
fifty-eight to nine hundred and eleven, and if it did not justify, 
it seemed at least to excuse the action of the King in putting an 



The Exglisii at Jamestown. 35 

end to the company, and nominally assuming the government 
to himself, which he actually did in IG^J-i. 

Jamestown was fortunate enough to receive warning of the 
impending massacre through Mr. Richard Pace, and no one there 
suffered death from the Indians in 1622. 

There is preserved a great mass of information regarding the 
condition of things in Virginia after the Indian massacre. The 
unfa\orah]e side is shown in a pamphlet written by Captain Na- 
thaniel Butler, called "The Unmasking of Virginia/' which was 
written with an evidently hostile intent to cast discredit on 
Sandys, Ferrar and the Earl of Southampton, heads of the com- 
pany's affairs in London. 

Governor Wyatt and the leading planters and friends of Vir- 
ginia came to the rescue and answered his calumnies. To the 
charge of Captain Butler, that the best houses in Virginia were 
no better than "the meanest cottages in England," they replied 
that the houses during the misery of the government of Sir 
Thomas Smith might have answered this description, but that 
at this present time there were four houses for every one then 
existing, and these were in goodness forty times superior. Said 
the Ilex. William Mease and others: "So far are the houses in 
A'irginia from being so meane as they are reported, that through- 
out his majesty's dominions here (in England) all laboring 
men's houses (w*''^ wee ehielly p'fess ourselves to be) arc in no 
wise generally for goodness to be compared with them. And for 
the houses of men of better ranke and quality they are so much 
lietter and convenyent y' noe man of quality without blushing 
can make exception against them." 

As for Jamestown, the census taken in 1G25 gives the following 
particulars: There were at this time in Jamesto\\ai twenty-two 
dwellings, l^esides one church, one merchant's store, three store- 
houses, and one large court of guard (guard house). This proba- 
bly did not include the houses in the island outside of the im- 
mediate precincts of the town. 

'J'he number of inhal)itants on the island and in the immediate 
neighborhood was as follows: Jamestown, one hundred and 
eighty-two persons, including three iiegroes; the island outside, 
thirty-nine; the Main, eighty-eight; the Neck of Land, twenty- 
five; the Glass-house, five; Archer's Hope, fourteen — total, three 
liundi-ed and fiftv-three. 



The English at Jamestown. 35 

end to the company, and noniinally assuming the government 
to himself, which he actually did in 1624. 

Jamestown was fortunate enough to receive warning of the 
impending massacre through Mr. Richard Pace, and no one there 
suffered death from the Indians in 1622. 

There is preserved a great mass of information regarding the 
condition of things in A^irginia after the Indian massacre. The 
unfavoj'abk' side is shown in a pamphlet written by Captain Na- 
thaniel Butler, called "The Unmasking of Virginia/' which was 
written with an evidently hostile intent to cast discredit on 
Sandys, Feri-ar and the Earl of Southampton, heads of the com- 
pany's affairs in London. 

Governor AVyatt and the leading planters and friends of Vir- 
ginia came to the rescue and answered his calumnies. To the 
charge of Captain Butler, that the best houses in Virginia were 
no better than "^the meanest cottages in England," they replied 
that the houses during the misery of the government of Sir 
Thomas Smith might have answered this description, but that 
at this present time there were four houses for every one then 
existing, and these were in goodness forty times superior. Said 
the Kev. William Mease and others: "So far are the houses in 
Virginia from being so meane as they are reported, that through- 
out his majesty's dominions here (in England) all laboring 
men's houses (w*^*^ wee chiefly p'fess ourselves to be) are in no 
wise generally for goodness to be compared with them. And for 
the houses of men of better ranke and quality they are so much 
better and eonvenyent y*^ noe man of quality without blushing 
can make exception against them." 

As for Jamestown, the census taken in 1625 gives the following 
particulars: There were at this time in Jamesto\^Ti twenty-two 
dwellings, besides one church, one merchant's store, three store- 
houses, and one large court of guard (guard house). This proba- 
bly did not include the houses in the island outside of the im- 
mediate precincts of the town. 

The number of inhabitants on the island and in the immediate 
neighl^orhood was as follows: Jamestown, one hundred and 
eighty-two persons, including three negroes; the island outside, 
thirty-nine; the Main, eighty-eight; the Neck of Land, twenty- 
five; the Glass-house, five; Archer's Hope, fourteen — total, three 
hundred and fiftv-thrce. 



36 



The Cradle ov the PiEruBLic. 



The names of the people resident on the island were as fol- 
lows : 

Jamestown. 

John Cavtwright, 
Kobert Austine 
Edward Biicke 
William Ravenett 
Jocomb Andrews 
vx Andrews 
Richard Alder 



"Sir Francis Wyatt, Governor, 

Margaret, Lady Wyatt 

Hawt Wyatt, Minister 

Kathren Spencer 

Thomas Hooker 

John Gather 

John INIatheman 

Edward Cooke 

George Nelson 

George Hall 

Jane Burtt 

Elizabeth Pomell 

INIary Woodward 

Sir George Yeardly, Knight 
Temperance, Lady Yeardly 
Argall Yeardly 
Frances Y'eardly 
Elizabeth Yeardly 
Kilibett Hichcocke 
Austen Combes 
John Foster 
Richard Arrundell 
Susan Hall 
Ann Grimes 
Elizabeth Lyon 
Y'ounge 



Negroe ^ ^yomen 
Negroe i 



Alice Davidson — vid 

Edward Sharpless 

J one Davies 

Geor.e Sands, Treasurer 

Captain William Pierce 

Jone. Pierce 

Robert Hedges 

Hugh Wms. (Williams) 

Thomas Moulston 

Henry Farmor 

Jolin Lightfoote 

Thomas Smith 

Roger Ruese 

Allexander Gill 



Ester Evere 
Angello A Negar 

Doct. John Pott 
Elizabeth Pott 
Richard Townsend 
Thomas Leister 
John Kullaway 
Randall Howlett 
Jane Dickenson 
Fortune Taylor 

Capt. Roger Smith 
Mrs. Smith 
Elizabeth Salter 
Sarah Macocke 
Elizabeth Rolfe 
Chri Lawson 
vxor eius Lawson 
Francis Fouler 
Charles Waller 
Henry Booth 



Capt. Ralph Hamor 
Mrs. Hamor 
Jereme Clement 
Elizabeth Clement 
Sarah Langley 
Sisley Greene 
Ann Addams 
Elkinton Ratclifle 
Frances Gibson 
James Y^'emanson 



John Pontes 
Cliristopher Best 
Thomas Clarke 



The English at Jamestown. 



37 



j\lr. Reij^iiolds 
Mr. Ilichmore 
vx Jiickniore 
Sara 1 1 Kiddall 



]Ml\vai(l lUaiioy 
Edward Hudson 
vx Hudson 
William Hartley 
John Slielley 
Robert Bow 
^^■ilIianl \Vard 
Thomas Mentis 
Robert Whitmore 
Robert Chauntree 
Robert Sheppard 
William Sawier 
Lanslott Dam port 
Math. Loyd 
Thomas Othway 
Thomas Crouch 
i]lizabeth Starkey 
Klinor Starker 



^Irs. Perry 

Infans Perry 

li'rances Chapman 

George Graues (Graves) 

vx Graues 

Rebecca Snowe 

Sarah Snowe 

John Isgraw (IsgraA^e) 

Mary Ascombe vid 

Benony Bucke 

Gercyon Bucke 

Peleg Bucke 

Mara Bucke 

Abram Porter 

Bridget Clarke 

Abigail Ascombe 

John Jackson 

vx Jackson 

Ephraim .Tackson 



John Cooke 
Nicholas Gouldsmith 
Elias Gaill 
Andrew Howell 
An Ashlcv 



John Southern 
Thomas Pasmore 
Andrew Ralve 



Nath. Jefferys 
vx. Jefferys 
Thomas Hebbs 



Clement Dilke 
Mrs. Dilke 
John Hinton 



Mr. John Burrows 
Mrs. Burrows 
Aiitlioiiv Burrows 



Richard Stephens 
Wassell Rayner 
vx. Rayner 
John Jackson 
Edward Price 
Osten Smith 
Thomas Spilman 
Bryan Cawt 

George Menify 
iloyes Ston 

Capt. Holmes 
Mrs. Calcker 
Mr. Calcker 
infans Calcker 
Peccable Sherwood 
Anthony West 
Henry Barker 
Henry Scott 
IVIargery Dawse 

Mr. Cann 
Capt. Hartt 

Edward Spalding 
\x. Spalding 
Puer Spalding 
Puella Spalding 
John Helin 



38 



The Cradle op i he Republic. 



vx. Helin 
puer Helin 
infans Helin 
Thomas Graye et vx. 
Jone Graye 
William Graye 
Richard Younge 
vx. Younge 
Jone Younge 



John Osbourn 
vx. Ousbourn 
George Pope 
Eobert Constable 

Williani .Tones 
vx. Jones 
John Johnson 
vx. Johnson 
infans 
Johnson 
Johnson 
John Hall 
vx. Hall 

William Cooksey 
vx. Cooksey 
infans Cooksey 
Alice Kean 

Robert Fitts 
Vx. Fitts 
John Reddish 



Randall Smalwoud 
John Greene 
William Mudge 

Mrs. Southey 
Ann Southey 
Elinn Painter 

Goodman Webb 

In James Island. 

John GreA'ett. 
vx. Grevett 
John West 
Rhomas West 
Henry Glover 

Goodman Stoiks 
vx. Stoiks 
infans Stoiks 
Mrs. Adams 
Mr. Leet 
William Spence 
vx. Spence 
infans Spence 
James Tooke 
James Roberts 
Anthony Harlow 

Sarah Spence 
George Shurke 
John Booth 
Robert Bennett." 



The folloAving: description will perhaps give an idea of the 
place as it appeared in 1G25: 

The highway passed from the east end of the island over a bridge 
across Pitch and Tar Swamp, to the isthmus connecting the 
island with the Main. There was also a road that passed along 
the entire southern side of the island down to Goose Hill. Facing 
this road and beginning at a branch of Pitch and Tar Swamp was 
!N"eAv Town. Westward of this l)ranch the first lot was that of 
Captain John Harvey. It contained six and one-half acres, and 
ran to the Back Street, which was distant at this point from the 
river road twent^'-six poles or one hundred and forty-three yards. 




^ i^ ^ "^ 



Fold -out 
Placeholder 



This fold-out is being digitized, and will be inserted 

future date. 



TiiE ExGLisu AT Jamkstowx. 39 

The western side of the lot next to him was Mr. (Jeorge Menifie, 
a]i iin])ort<int nu-niher of the C'oiineil, who eame in the summer 
of Id'i'l. His h)t was in area three roods and twenty poles. Sepa- 
rate(l J'roiii Meiiilie hy a eross street was Captain Ralph llamor, 
formerly vSeei'etary of State, and still a member of the Council. 
His lot was an acre and a half, and like the others reached to the 
Back Street. It faced eleven poles on the river highway, and its 
east side was twenty-two poles and its west nineteen poles. 

>^e.\t to llamor was Captain lliehard Stephens, whose widow, 
Elizabeth Piersey. mari'ied a Governor, John Harvev, just as his 
son's widow Frances Cnlpeper — I mean Sanuiel Stephens' widow 
— married another Governor, Sir William Berkeley. His lot con- 
tained sixty rods and reached back to the lot of John Chew, con- 
taining one rood and nine poles, facing upon the Back Street. 

Opposite to Harvey, abutting southward upon the Back Street, 
abont twenty-five poles for front and reaching back to a swamp, 
was Dr. John Pott's lot of three acres. In 1628, he extended this 
lot toward the Back Kiver three hundred and eighty-five yards 
fiDin the J>ack Street, making twelve acres. 

Un the west of Pott was the land of Edward Blaney, Esq. 
Near l)y was Captain Koger Smith's lot of four acres, which was 
bouiided south upon the pale of the Governor's garden, north 
upon tlie ground of Sir George Yeardley divided by the highway, 
eastward upon the lu'idge in the said highway leading out of the 
island (i. c, the main part of the island hcyond Pitch and Tar 
Swamp), also upon the land of Captain William Pierce, and west 
upon the highway leading into the park. 

Fiiuilly, in the rear of Smith, was the lot of Sir George Yeardley 
of seven acres, one rood, about his houses "within the precincts of 
James City."' It ahutted "northerly upon the Back Eiver, south- 
erh' upon tlie ground of Captain Eoger Smith and easterly upon 
the fence parting the same from the ]\Iain Island, and westerly 
upon the Park." 

Siy George Yeardley was buried at Jamestown November 13. 
1627, and his lot passed to Sir John Harvey. This lot is men- 
tioned in 1640, in an order for the sale of Harvey's property at 
Jamestown, as "near adjoining'' Harvey's original lot. 

The house of William Pierce, captain of the guard at James- 
town, whose daughter, Jane, was third wife of John Eolfe, was 



40 The Cradle oe iiie Eepublic. 

pronomieed in 1623 by George Sandys, brother of Sir Edwin 
Sandys, "the fairest in Virginia." He had a room in Captain 
Piei-ee's honse, in which he translated several books of Ovid's 
JMetaDiorphoses, and in which he raised silk-worms. The houses 
at Jamestown had not the faintest resemblance to the baronial 
halls of England, and the church, like the houses, was of wood, 
and quite as plain. 

The ]nain liigliway of the island was three poles or nearly fifty 
feet wide. 

The towii was at the west end of the island, and the line of the 
Back Street is nuirked by an old well, scattered brick and numer- 
ous brick foundations under ground, still to be met with on the 
first ridge back from the river. 

At the east end of the island outside of the immediate pre- 
cincts of Jamestown, John Johnson had fifteen acres. West of 
him, separated l)v a nuirsh, John Southern, Gent., had twelve 
acres, between the Back Eiver and the highway leading to Black 
Point. On the west of Southern was a marsh called Tucker's 
Hole. Southern had also twelve acres more southward of his 
first tract, bounded south by the land of ]\Iary Holland, widow 
of Gabriel Holland, and west by the land of Thomas Passmore, 
carpenter, who came in the George. 

iMary Holland had twelve acres "lately in the tenure of her 
former husband, William Pink, alias William Jonas." Her lot 
lay west of Nathaniel Hull's and east of Thomas Passmore's. 

Thomas Passmore's tract of twelve acres lay "south upon the 
highway running close to Goose Hill," and extended east and west 
forty-eight ])oles and north and south forty poles. Near by, 
and south of the highway leading to Black Point, were eight 
acres of Richard Tree, carpenter, who "came as a freeman in the 
George, with Captain Abraham Peirsey, Cape Merchant." His 
neighbor on the south was Edward Grindall. 

Abutting on the Main Piver, towards Goose Hill, were three 
ridges of land containing eight acres each, belonging respectively 
to Sir Thomas Dale, Ensign William Spencer, yeoman, "an an- 
tient planter," and John Lightfoot, also an old planter, who 
came in the Sea Venture with Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George 
Somers inlfilO. In 1628, Eobert Marshall owned ten acresbetween 
Thomas Passmore on the east and ^larv Bailv on the west. This 



The ExGLisir at Jamestown. 41 

]\Iarv Jjaily,' wlio was dauylikT and licir of John Baily, of Hog 
Island, had a lot of ten acres, Ixmiidinu- cast upon a marsh to- 
wards Goose Hill, north upon a green thicket dividing the same 
from tlie land lately belonging to William Fairfax, and west 
upon Jenkin Andrews. William Fairfax referred to had in 
1620 sold his lot to Kev. Jlichard Buck, together with "his house 
and another little house'" standing upon it. 

(Jreat numbers of people after 1625 arrived from England, and 
a period of prosperity now dawned upon the colony. Virginia 
became the granary for the northern colonies. Comforts of all 
kinds commenced to multiply. 

Tory, tlie speaker of the first legislature, wrote, soon after its 
adjournment, to Sir Dudley Carleton: "Your Lordship may 
know that we are not the veriest beggars in the world. One cow- 
keeper here in James Citv on Sunday goes acourtred in fresh 
flaming silk, and a wife of one that in England had professed the 
black art, not of a scholar, but of a collier of Croyden, wears her 
rough beaver hat with a fair pearle hat-band and a silken suite 
thereto corresponding." That the people had the luxury among 
them of good dress was shown by an act which taxed people 
according to the finery they wore. 

By 1629, most of the land in Jamestown Island had been 
cleared of trees, and there were some nice garden spots in James- 
town. Thus ISlrs. Jane I'ierce, wife of Captain William Pierce, 
after passing twenty years in Virginia, returned to England and 
reported that she had a garden at Jamestown, containing three 
or four acres, where in one year she had gathered a hundred 
bushels of excellent figs, and that of her own provision she could 
keep a better house in Virginia than in London for three hundred 
or four hundred pounds a year, although she had gone there 
with little or nothing. Especially noticeable among the plants 
of native gro\\th about Jamestowm was a weed that acquired the 
name of the town itself — the celebrated "Jamestown weed," 
— which sprang up in the early spring in the rich ground under 
the shadow of the buildings. Beverley, the historian, tells a 

' ^lai y Baily luai riod Kaiulall Holt, one of Dr. Jolni Pott's men who 
came in the George in 1020. and was aged IS in 1625. She heired from 
her father 500 acres in Hog Island. The Holts, her descendants, owned 
Hog Island imtil the iiinclccntli cent my began. 



42 The Cradle oe the Rei-ublic. 

strange story of the effect eating of it had npon some soldiers 
of the British regiment sent over to subdue "Bacon's Rebellion." 
These soldiers boiled some of the new-sprouted leaves for salad, 
and after partaking of it turned "natural fools." It deprived 
them of their senses for several days, during which time they 
played all manner of antics, and had to be confined for fear of 
their doing some damage to themselves. 

In lG3o, there occurred at Jamestown the first rebellion in 
English America. On June 20, 1632, Charles I. granted to Lord 
Baltin]ore a patent for a portion of Virginia, which he named 
Maryland, in honor of tlie Queen Consort, Henrietta Maria. Sir 
Jolm Harvey, the then Governor of Virginia, courted the favor 
of liord Baltimore, and sympathized with him in the dispute 
over Kent Island and trade in the Chesapeake, and he became 
odious to the Virginians, whose territorial interests he thus be- 
trayed. Accordingly, on the 28th of April, 1635, the Council 
arrested him for treason, and sent him to England in the custody 
of two members of the Assembly. This audacious act was pro- 
nounced by Charles himself as "an exercise of regal authority." 

The immediate circumstances of his arrest are worth relating 
at some length. The people met at William Warren's house near 
the present Yorktown, where Captain Nicholas Martian, Captain 
Francis Pott and William English, the sheriff, were the chief 
speakers. Harvey sent and had Martian, Pott and English ar- 
rested and put in irons. When they asked the cause of their 
commitment, his reply was that "they should know at the 
gallows." 

Presently the Council, being called together, he demanded that 
martial law be executed upon the prisoners. When the C*ouncil 
declined to accede to this, 'Harvey flew into a passion and paced 
for some time up and down tlie Council room. AfteT a while, 
he took his seat, and with a frowning countenance he demanded 
an immediate answer to a question which he intended to pro- 
pound to each of them in turn. The question, as stated by him, 
was : "What do you think they deserve that have gone about to 
persuade the people from obedience to his Majesty's substi- 
tute ?" 

]\Ir. George Mcniile, to whom the question was first directed, 
adroitly evaded it by saying, "I am but a young lawyer, and dare 



The Enolisji at Ja.mkstown. 43 

not upon tlio sudden deliver my opinion." The Governor re- 
quired this iinswer to he set down in writing. When William 
Farrar, another member, eomplained of the unreasonableness of 
the question. Harve}', in his Majesty's name, forbade him to 
speak until his turn. Captain Mathews, not deterred by this, 
eonimeneeil with a remark similar to Farrar's, and Avas inter- 
rupted with the same command. 

But after this, the rest of the Council began to speak, and re- 
fused to be so questioned. Thereupon, after some bitter language 
from Harvey, the Council adjourned. The next day there was 
another meeting. Harvey sternly demanded the reason of the 
country's opposition to him. Mr. Menifie informed him. Then 
Harvey, rising in a great rage, said to ]\Ienifie, "And do you say 
so?" He re])lied, '"Yes." In a fury Harvey clapped ]\Ienifie on 
the shoulder and said, "I arrest you on suspicion of high treason 
to his ]\rajesty." Captain John Utie, who was nearest, returned 
the blow, and said in a loud voice, "And we the like to you, sir." 
And thereupon the councillors crowded around Harvey and Cap- 
tain Mathews, throwing his arms about him, forced him into his 
chair, telling him to be quiet as no harm was intended to him. 
In the meantime. Dr. John Pott, wdio stood at the door, waved 
his hand, and fifty armed musketeers, previously concealed, ap- 
peared. In May, an assemhly was convened, which ratified the act 
of the Council. Captain John AVest, brother of the late Lord 
Delaware, was thereupon appointed (rovernor, and Harvey, as I 
have already stated, was soon after put aboard a ship and sent 
off to England. 

The deposition of Sir John Harvey was the first open resistance 
of any colony to tyranny, and the first vindication on the Ameri- 
can continent of the constitutional right of a people to order their 
own government. King Charles I., fearing the evils of the pre- 
cedent, thought it necessary to reinstate Harvey for a brief 
period. But upon his resuming his old tyrannical behavior, he 
recalled him, and the mild and liberal Sir Francis Wyatt, who 
had already served as Governor and given satisfaction, was sent 
over in his stead. 

Wyatt, on his arrival at Jamestown, convened the Council, 
consisting of some of Plarvey's old enemies, who at once set about 
confiscatini:- Harvev's estate at York and at Jamestown, to satisfv 



44 The Cradle of the Republic. 

the claims of liov. Autlumy PaiitoD and of otliers, who had 
suffered from his tyrannical exactions. 

1 have noticed Argall's effort in 1617 to suppress the raising of 
tohacco, the cultivation of which was really repugnant to the 
growth of cities. Afterwards, the London Company organized 
the settlements into four great cor])orations with a ca])ital city in 
each. The year 1623 was rendered notable as the date of the 
earliest order passed to compel every ship arriving in Virginia 
waters not to break the bulk of its cargo before reaching that 
place. The effect anticipated was not only that an end would be 
put to the hal)it of forestalling imported supplies, but also that 
the population of Jamestown would be increased owing to the 
extension of the opportunities of erecting store-houses and pro- 
moting trade. 

But all these measures of government very early proved abor- 
tive, because against the wishes of the people in Virginia and the 
traders who did not care to be confined to particular ports. Not- 
withstanding the strict laws made to the contrary, contracts, 
sales, and delivery of goods before arrival at Jamestown were 
frequently made with planters on the way. 

However, on his return as Governor the second time from Eng- 
land Sir John Harvey made a special effort to promote the 
growth of Jamestown. T'he Assembly which met February 20, 
1637, ]iassed an act confirmed at a subsequent session Febru- 
ary 20, 1638, offering free a convenient proportion of ground 
for a house and garden to every person who should settle thereon 
within two years. 

"Since which order," wrote Sir John Harvey in January, 1639, 
"there are twehe new houses built in the town, one of brick by 
the secretary [Eichard Kempe, Esq.], the fairest that ever was 
known in this country for substance and importance, by whose 
example others have undertaken to build frame houses and beau- 
tify the place." 

Harvey stated also that he and the Council, as well as the mas- 
ters of ships and the ablest planters, had liberally subscribed for 
the erection of a brick church, and that the General Assembly 
had levied a tax for a State House. "There was not one foote 
of ground for half a mile together by the river side in Jamestown 
that was not taken up and undertaken to Ire l)uilt.'" Harvey 



TiiK l-]\c;Lisii AT Ja:mest()\v.v. 45 

udilrd, liowcvfi', that the recent iiirftruftions penuittiug sliips to 
land goods elsewhere until sudicient stores were erected at James- 
town had already operated as an immense disadvantage to his 
endeavors. Cleorge Menifie was sent in 1638 as agent to England 
to hire mechanics for the State House. 

liichard Kempe's lot, referred to by Harvey, was ten poles in 
length towards the water side and eight poles in breadth. On his 
east ^[v. Thomas Tlill patented a lot eight poles in length and 
six in breadtli. Ilicliard Tree bounded him on the west. George 
Menifie, Esq., patented in 1640 ten poles along the water side, 
extending liack eight ])oles, and his lot lay between the lands of 
Sir Francis A\'yatt, then Governor for the second time, and that 
of Captain Francis Pott, brother and heir of Dr. John Pott. 

In 1()4'2. Sir William Berkeley ))rought witli him instructions 
to promote the building of brick houses in the colony. The 
seventeenth clause of his instructions as Governor conferred upon 
liim tlie power to la}^ out Jamestown and other towns in such 
manner as he and the Council might deem expedient. He niight 
give five hundred acres of land to every person who should build 
a house of brick twenty-four feet long and sixteen feet broad with 
a cellar to it. A court-house for the Governor and Council 
should be built at the public charge ; and "because the buildings 
at Jamestown were for the most part decayed and the place found 
to be unhealthy and inconvenient in many respects," Berkeley 
and his Council, with the advice of the General Assembl}'', were 
permitted to change the chief town to another place, "retaining 
the ancient name of Jamestown." 

The General Assembly did not agree to this suggestion of 
change, Init passed an act dated ]\farch 2, 1643, that "all 
undertakers who should build at James City Island" should be 
encouraged by a grant of land for "housing and a garden spot." 
Eichard Sanders, Edward Challis and Radulf Spraggins each 
obtained an acre on the river, beginning near the block-house in 
the neck. John Watson secured one acre near the Brewery Point, 
fronting on the river six poles above the land of Colonel Thomas 
Stegg, and Kicluird Chirke one and one-half acres on Back Kiver 
near Frigate Landing. 

In a few 3'ears a 1)rick cliurcli and a brick State House were 
among the structures at Jamestown. Besides the brick liouse of 



46 The Cradle of the Bepublic. 

Eicliard Kriujie, there were three brick houses, joined together, 
belongiiig 1o (Governor Berkeley. The l)riek was evidently ob- 
tained from the "brick kiln" on the connecting neck where Alex- 
antler Stomer, "brick-maker,"' patented an acre of land in 1637. 

On the ITth of April, 1644, occurred the second Indian mas- 
sacre. The Indians, hearing of the civil wars in England, 
thought the opportunity a fit one to make another attempt to 
exterminate the colony. They divided themselves into small 
coni])anies, and on the day before Good Friday they beset the 
English houses a little before the break of day, and commenced 
to kill the settlers, and continued their Idoody work for two days. 
About three hundred whites lost their lives. Jamestown, as in 
the former massacre, did not suffer. 

After this, war was waged with the Indians for two years, 
till by the happy successes of lieutenant JSTicliolas Stillwell and 
Captains Kobert Higginson and Eoger Marshall, the Indians 
were scattered and dispersed. In a resolute march undertaken 
by Sir William Berkeley in person, the grim chief Opechanca- 
nough, aged and blind, was himself captured and brought in 
triumph to Jamestown. IvTevertheless, he retained a spirit un- 
conquered by decrepitude of body or reverse of fortune. Hearing 
one clay footsteps in the room where he lay, he requested his eye- 
lids to be raised, when, perceiving a crowd of persons attracted 
there by curiosit}'^ to see the famous chief, he called for the Gov- 
ernor, and upon his appearance, said to him: "Had it been my 
fortune to take Sir William Berkeley prisoner, I would have 
disdained to make a show of him." 

About a fortnight after Opechancanough's capture, one of his 
guards shot him in the back to revenge the death of one of his 
relations. Languishing awhile of the wound, he died at James- 
town, and was probably buried there. 

His death brought about a peace with the Indian savages which 
endured for many years without much interruption. 

In 1646, the General Assembly decided upon the erection of 
two houses at Jamestown for the manufacture of linen. They 
were to l)e Imilt of substantial timber and were to l)e forty feet 
in length, twenty in width and eight in pitch. The roofs were 
to be covered with boards properly sawed and in the centre of 
each brick chinmeys were to l)e placed. Each house was to be 



The ExGiJSii at Jamestowx. ^ 47 

divided with roomy .iiid coiiNcniciii partitions. The different 
counties were respective!}' requested to furnish two children, male 
or female, of tlie age of seven or eight years at least, whose pa- 
rents were too ])Oor to educate them, to be instructed in the art 
of carding, knitting and spinning. I have no knowledge that 
these houses \\-ere ever erected. 

In ^Farcli, 1G4G, to put a stop to the sale of liquors in stores 
on the island the privilege of retailing wines or other strong 
liquors was confined to licensed ordinary keepers. 

There were many who applied for lots and never used them, 
anil to prevent this interference with the growth of the town the 
General Asseml^ly ordered that all persons as had built upon the 
lots so deserted since January, 1610, or should build upon them 
subsequent to tliat date, should be protected in their occupation. 
The original owner might have allotted to him instead an equal 
quantity of ground as conveniently near the town as he desired. 

In Ki-lO, the jn-ivilege of a market on Wednesdays and Satur- 
days was allowed to the inhabitants of Jamestown. The market 
place was bounded from the "Sandy gut, commonly called and 
known by the name of Peter Knight's store-house westward, and 
so to tlie gut next beyond the house of Lancelot Elay eastward, 
and bounded on the north side with Back River." All bonds, 
bills, or othtT writings, for anything sold in the market on a 
market day, were to have the force of a judgment. The Governor 
was to appoint the clerk, who was to keep a book and record all 
bonds, etc., attested by him. and he was to receive a stated fee in 
tobacco for his attestation. 

During all the troubles in England between the Puritans and 
the Cavaliers, Virginia's sympathies were largely with the latter. 
The emigration to Virginia, however, was at first chiefly of mer- 
chants, who wanted peace and quiet. ]Many soldiers and officers 
came after the death of Charles I. ; and Parliament, in the end, 
had to send a fleet to Virginia in order to bring the people to 
terms. This fleet arrived before Jamestown in April, 1G53, and 
preparations were made by the planters to resist; but more 
pacific councils prevailed, and an agreement was signed by which 
Sir William Berkeley gave up the government, and the Virgin- 
ians recognized the authority of the Commonwealth of England, 
but on file condition amonu' others tliat "Viro-inians should be 



48 Tpie Cradle of the Republic. 

free from all taxes, custoins and impositions whatever, and none 
to be imposed iipon them without consent of the General As- 
sembly." 

This claim to exemption from taxation by any other authority 
than that of the General Assembly of the colony had been insisted 
U2:)oii by Virginians as early as 1624, and was ever after stoutly 
maintained during the whole colonial period. In deputing the 
taxing power to the Federal government in 1788, Virginians were 
insj^ired by high, patriotic motives, but they little anticipated the 
enormous abuses to which their concession would be perverted by 
the Federal Congress, through unjust tariffs and unequal appro- 
priations voted by majorities representing States of totally differ- 
ing interests. 

During the period from 1652 to 1660 there were three gover- 
nors of Virginia — Richard Bennett, Esq., nephew of Edward 
Bennett, a prominent merchant of London; Edward Digges, 
fourth son of Sir Dudley Digges, master of the rolls to King 
Charles I. ; and Colonel Samuel jMathews, who had long figured 
as a leading man in Virginia. 

In jMarch, 1660, there being no recognized authority in Eng- 
land, the General Assembly ventured to recall Sir William Berke- 
ley to the governorship. Soon after, the restoration of Charles 
II. took place in Ijondon. The event was hailed with joy in 
A'irginia, and on September 20, 1660, the King was proclaimed 
at Jamestown with every demonstration of delight. 

Tlie colony had bee]! the asylum of many fugitive loyalists. 
Therefore, Colonel William Claiborne, as Secretary of State, was 
"fetclied"' in liaste from West Point, where he resided, and at 
Jamestown music, drinking and the firing of guns Avere the order 
of the day. This is the evidence of the York county levy for 1660 : 

Lbs. Tobacco. 

To Edward Ramsey presst to fetch Col. Claiborne, 00100 

To John Peteet, ^ his boat for Col. Claiborne, 00100 

At ye proclaming of his sacred Majesty. 

To ye Hon. Gov. a barrell powd'r 112 lbs., 00996 

To Capt. Fox for six cases of drams, 00900 

To Mr. Philip Malory, 00500 

To ye trmnpeters, 00800 

I'o Mr. Hansford 176 gal. syd'r at 15, and 35 gal. at 20, caske 264, 03604 

In token of the loyalty, as well as the importance of the colony, 
Charles II. gave Virginia a new seal, which recognized her in 



I'lIK Mxiil.lSII AT .Ia.micstowx. 49 

llic cluster of his kiiiiidoiii liy I he words. "J'Jii ddl Vlr;/iiiia (juin- 
tuin." l*jiL;liiiiil. I'' ranee. Seotlmid and 1 1'eland wore I'oui' king- 
doms to which he h-iid ehiini. and N'irgiina inadt' tlie (it'th ((Jiiiii- 
iiini rcc/iniui.) 

Charles ]\. made a new elTorl to huihl .Tainestown. I"]) to 
this time the energies of the eoh)ny in the direction of town 
building had spent itself njxm -lamest own Ishmd. Charles 
commanded Berkeley to use his inthience to induce the planters 
in Virginia to huild a town on every important river. He was 
especially directed, however, to make his first essay at James- 
town. Accordingly, the Cavalier (leneral Assembly, ever 
ready to gratify the (Jovernor, passed an elaborate law iipon the 
subject. The act itself was a significant commentary upon the 
attempt so long ])ersisted in of trying to make a city of James- 
town. 'Jlie ])laee had heen occupied for fifty years, and yet the 
provisions of tlie act j)roceeded as if the foundations of the place 
had yet to be laid. 

'J'hat act. which was passed in December, l(i(V^\ made provision 
for the l)nil(ling of thirty-two brick houses, each to be forty feet 
long and twenty feet wide within the walls, which were to be two 
feet thick to the water table, and a brick and a half thick above 
the water table to the roof, the roof to be fifteen feet pitch, and 
to ])v covered ^\ith slate or tiU'. In order to avoid the exactions 
of \\-orkmen, the i)rice of bricks, the wages of laborers, and their 
board at the ordinaries woro fixed by law. The bricks were to be 
statute bi-icks aiul well l)urned. aiul tlie ])ricc was to be one hun- 
dred and fifty pounds of tobacco per thousand. Brick-makers 
were to l)e allowed their board and six able laborers to help them, 
"provided at his or their charge that employ them,'" and wood 
suflicient brought in place, and were to receive for each thousand 
brick's, moulded and burned, forty ])Ounds of tobacco. 

In ordei- to expedite tile work, each of the seventeen counties 
-of the colony was re<|uii'ed to l)ui]d a house, and a levy of thirty 
pounds per j)oli was laid througlumt the whole country, out of 
whicli each connty, or ]iii\ate undertaker of a house, was to re- 
ceive gratis ten thousand ])ounds of tobacco, to assist in meeting 
ex])enses. Finally, it was ordered that no more wooden houses 
be built in the town, noi- those standing thereafter repaired, but 
brick ones be erected in their stead. The town was made the 



50 The Cradle of the Eepublic. 

mart of llie tliive counties of James City, Charles City, and 
Surry, aud these e(muties were forl)idden to send tlieir tobacco 
anywhere else before shipment. 

x\ sidiscription was soon after taken at Jamestown for the pro- 
posed In-ick houses. Septemlier 17, 1G63, it was debated in the 
Ceneral aVssembly whether it was not fit to order the townsmen 
to pull up all the stakes of the old wars about Jamestown, and to 
build no new ones in the face of the town. 

On April 10, 1665, Thomas Lu dwell, the secretary, wrote 
that in obedience to the King's instructions, "they had begun a 
town of brick, and had already built enough to accommodate the 
affairs of the country." Ludwell and the other prominent men 
doubtless realized the impracticability of town building in Vir- 
ginia, Ijut were too auxious for favor with the English authori- 
ties to oppose it. In the same spirit, the General Assembly ac- 
quiesced in the extensive projects proposed about this time for 
building court-houses, prisons, churches, public roads, forts, 
ware-houses, etc. ; but the people at large regarded these meas- 
ures in a different light. To them they only seemed to afford 
occasion for heavy taxes without commensurate advantage in 
their sparsely settled condition. 

What emphasized the opposition of the people was that several 
of the houses erected at Jamestowii were not even occupied, and 
soon required repairs. 

On the I'-^th of March, 1()73. the following action took place 
at -lainestowu : 

(Present) Sir William Berkley, Governor; Thomas Ludwell, Secre- 
tary ; Edward Digges and Col. Nathaniel Bacon, Esquires : 

Upon the Peticon of the severall inhabitants of James City Island, 
it is ordered that all the marsh land unpatented in James City Island 
forever hereafter be and remain in common for a pasture to the 
use of those who now or shall hereafter live in the said Island or 
towne. 

It appears from this order that there was no town government 
in Jamestown, but that, like our present city of Washington, the 
authorities were the general authorities of the whole country. 

There are descriptions of Jamestown in 1G76 from two dif- 
ferent sources. 

According to the report of the commissioners sent over to in- 
quire into the causes of Bacon's Eebellion, Jamestown "consisted 



'J'lii: MxuLisii AT Ja.mi:s'I'()\v.v. ol 

of twelve new hriek' houses niid ;i eoiisiderahle niiiiihei' ol' frained 
lioiises with hrick eiiiiniieys. hesidcs a hi'iek cliiii-eh and State 
House.'" 

Ill Mrs. Ann Cotton's aeeonnt of "Jlacdn's J'roscrdliitjs." the 
i>hmd is deserihed as foMows : 

■■'riic |ila<c oil wliiili tlic lowTi is l)uill is a ppifcct |KMiiiisiiIa or tract 
of land aliiio~t wiiolly ciicoiiiiiasscd witli water: liavciiii;' on tlic south 
>i(lc ol tlic rixcr (formerly I'liwhatan. now called .lames Kivcr) tlireo 
miles broad, enconii)asstHl on the north from the easte jjoint with a 
deep creeke ranging in a semicircle to the we>t . within ten paces (50ft) 
of the river: and (hei-e hy :i small isthmus tacked to the continent. This 
Iselaiul (for so it is denominate) hath f(u- longitude (east and west) 
nccre upon two miles, and for latitude ahout half so much, hearing in 
the wlioll com|ia>s about li\c miles, little more or less. It is low 
ground, full of marshes and s\\ain])s. which make the aire especially in 
the suuu'r insalubril nius ami unhealthy. Jt is iu>t at all replenished 
with sprin.s of fre^h water, and that which they Inwe in their wells, 
brackish, illscented, jjenurious and not grateful to the stoniack; which 
H'uder the ])lace improper to endure the commencement of seige. The 
towne is built nuich about the middle of the south line close upon the 
]'iver, extending east and west about three-quarters of a mile; in which 
is Comprehended som sixteen or eighteen houses, most as is the church 
built of brick, faire and large: and in them about a dozen families (for 
all their houses are not iidialiited) gitting their livcings by keeping of 
ordinaries, at ext reoidinary rates. "" 

J 11 two of the tlii'ee hest houses lived at this time Richard 
I.,awi-eiU'e. a thoug-htful o-ontlenian. who had heen a stitdeiit at 
Oxford I 'iii\'ersitv. and William I )rninnioiid, who hail acted 
nndei' Sir William Herkele}'^ ap])ointmeiit as first Governor of 
.North Carolina. The wife of the former of these was a rich 
\\idow. A\ho owned one of the oi'dinaries referred to l)y ]Mrs. Ann 
Cotton, and was \cvy popiihir with [)ersons of the hest qttality 
in the eoh)ny. 

Tronl)les with the Indians had ao-o-ravateil the sulft-ring-s of 
the peopk> till in June. 1()7(), they had come together with arms 
for a reform in the laws, 'i'he leg-islatitre which met that month 
in Jamestown was coin]ie!le(l l)y the violence of Xathaniel Bacon, 
Jr., to correct many standing ahuses. To lessen the taxes on the 
people of Jamestown all the freemen in the island were reqtiired 
to share in the cost of maintaining the hurgesses for that place. 
'Idle hounds of "James City" were declared ''to include the wh(de 
island as far as Sandy Bay." 



53 Tjie Ckadle of hie Eepubijc. 

The jjuuplc ol* the if^laiul Tor llie (irst time wore peniiLlled to 
order their town government hy their own suffrages; but this, 
with all the other laws enacted at this time, was repealed after 
the collapse of the revolt. 

During the civil war, which began at this time, the whole town, 
including the new State liouse (the old having been burned) was 
destroyed by fire. Bacon set fire to the church, and Lawrence and 
Drunnnond destroyed each his own house — but the latter took the 
j)recautio]i to save the public records in the State House. 

After the war was over the following persons were reported as 
the heaviest losers by the burning of Jamestown: "Colonel 
Thomas Swanne, who- had a liouse burned and the goods in it; 
]\lajor Theophilus Hone, who had also a house and goods de- 
stroyed by the fire; Mr. AYill Sherwood and the orphan of one 
Mr. James, AA'hose house A^'as burned down by the rebel Lawrence, 
and the loss estimated at least at one thousand pounds sterling. 

"There are divers other poor inliabitants whose "('ticular names 
and losses we cannot give in. that were great sufferers by this 
calamity that befell James City after the GoAernor and his party 
left it.'"' 

The total loss occasioned by the lire was estimated at one hun- 
dred and fifty thousand pounds of tobacco. 

At this time it seems the people of York county petitioned 
that the capital be established at IMiddle Plantation, and the 
General Assembly actually appears to have adopted a resolution 
to transfer the same to Tindall's Point (Gloucester Point). But 
this order Avas reconsidered on the advice of the Eoyal Commis- 
sioners, and in j\[arcli, 1G79, the Council ordered that 
*^'JamestoAvn be rebuilt and be the Metropolis of Virginia as the 
most ancient and convenient place.'' On April 25, 1679, after a 
session held at Greenspring, and one at Captain Otho Thorpe's 
house, in jNFiddle I'lantation, the General Assembly renewed its 
sitting at Jamestown, at the ordinary of ]\Ir. Gauler. 

In 1683, Lord Culpeper, then Governor, Avrote that lie had 
given all the encouragement possible to the rebuilding of James- 
town. ITis own residence was at Greens]n-ing. but the Auditor, 
Nathaniel Bacon, had lately built two very good dwellings there. 
Colonel Joseph Bridger and Mr. William Sherwood "were going 
al)()ut scA'erall which Avill be finished this or next yeare, and there 
are scA-erall others marked out for building.'' 



'J'lIK EXGLISTT AT .TaM KSToWNT. 53 

Colonel liacoirs houses a])in'ar to have hccn erected on a lot 
of three ami three-eighths acres, patented hy liiiu ^lay 29, 1683, 
being part of a ])ar(('l of land formerly Ijelonging to Richard 
Lax\-rence, who "being uujity of high treason against his majesty, 
not daring to abide his trial, fled for the same, whereby all his 
goods, chattels, lands and tenements are forfeited to his ^Majesty." 
It began at the easterniost corner of ye said Lawrence's old ditch 
in a hrancli ol' Pitch and Tai- Swamp, and was 3.93 chains 
west of the northeast corner of the chtirch-yard. Here in Jnne, 
16TG. at Lawrence's house, when Bacon came to attend the Gen- 
eral Assembly aftt'r his first expedition against the Indians, he 
held at night a secret conference with his friends, Drummond 
and Lawrence. Between this lot and the church-yard was a half- 
acre, which had been devised to Sarah Drummond,^ wife of Wil- 
liam Drummond, by Ivlward Prescott (])erhai)S her father). 

Above ('(donel Bacon, William Edwards, clerk of the General 
Court, patented in 1('»I)0 "a lot of seventy-two and one-half poles, 
bounded from .Tose])b Copland's great gum on James River along 
his land, north four and one-half degrees, eastwardly twelve and 
one-half chains, then east nine-tenths of a chain to and along ye 
Hon'ble Xatb"] Bacon, Escj., his land thirteen and two-thirds 
chains to ye aforementioned river," thence np the river to the 
great gum before mentioned. West of Colonel Bacon and 
north of William Edwards. Robert Beverley had a lot of three 
acres, one rood and six poles, Avhich Ix^gan ""at the southermost 
end of a ditch which divides this land from the western side of 
the laml, late of Lawrence, ('olonel Bacon oi- one of them, at the 
roadside extending northwardly along the ditch thirty-six and 
two-fifths jioles to a slash called Pitch and Tar Swam]), along up 
that slash till it comes to the main cart road westward.'' 

Still further up the island, near the river, was the one-acre lot 
of the lawyer, William Sherwood, on which fornuudy stood the 
"Country Houge," - sold in KKiO l)y the General Assembly to 

^ Sarah Dniiniiiniid was no less a friend of Bacon tlian her lnisl)and. 
Piekiii<T up a small stick and breakino' it. she said. "I fear the power of 
England no more than a broken straw." 

"This was a house doubtless erected for the protection of the me- 
chanics imported from En: land at the erection of the first State House 
by George Menific. henre it was called tlie "Country House,"' /. e., a house 
belongine: to the countrv or colonv. 



54 The Cradle of the Republic. 

Major Iiicliiird Wclister, and assigned by him to Richard Ricks, 
who sold it to eJohn Ivnowlos, who sold it to Jonathan Newell, 
from wliom it descended to his brother, David Newell, who con- 
veved the ruins of the house to William Sherwood, "who 
hath since now built a. faire liouse and appurtenances on 
saine.'" 

Next to )Slierwood furtber n^), were two acres, one rood, twenty- 
four and one-half poles, belonging in 1G88 to Henry Hartwell, 
Es(|.. eiuliracing one-balf an acre formerly belonging to Colonel 
^^'illiaiu A\'bite, and later to AVilliam Edwards. This land began 
at a stake on tbe river side, and thence passed "along the angular 
points of a trench, which faceth two of the eastern bastions of 
an old ruined turf fort." 

Colonel Edward Cbilton in 1083 had a lot near the brick fort, 
and liis land bounded on Sir William Berkeley's land and Colonel 
PbilipLudweirs. 

Einally, Colonel J'hiiip l^udwcll, in 1()!)4. patented one and 
one-half acres "adjoining to the ruins of the three brick houses 
Ijetween the State House and tbe ("oiuitry House in James City,"' 
beginning near Pitch and Tar Swamp eight chains (two poles to 
a chain. /. p.. thirty-one feet) from the easternmost end of said 
houses, and rnnning by tlie said end south two degrees, westerly 
sixteen chains. This patt'ut proves that the new State House was 
furtber from tbe river than the old, vrliich was sixty-seven feet 
from the high-water mai'k. It ]U'ol)al)ly stood on the first ridge 
of land Ijack from tb.e river, and its site is now under water. 

The follo^^ing description of the ])lace, written by the Rev. 
John Clayton in ]()8S. affords interesting reading: 

■■J']\eu in .liur.estown Island, \\liifh is nuicli-what of an oval figure, 
there is a swamp rnns diagonal-wise over the Island, thereby is lost at 
least 1.10 acres of land, which \\(>nld be meadow, and would turn to as 
good account as if it weic in l*hi;land. I'esides it is the great annoy- 
ance of the town, and no doubt but it makes it much more iin- 
liealthy. If. therefore, they but scoured tlie channel, and made a pretty 
ordinary trench all along the middle of the swamp, placed a since at 
the mouth, where it opens into the Back creek, for the mouth of the 
channel there is narrow, has a good hard bottom, and is not ])ast two 
yards dpe]> when the Hood is out; as if nature had designed it before- 
hand: they might thus drain all the swamp absolutely dry, or lay it 
nnder water at their jdeasure. I have talked several times hereof to 
Mr. Sherwood, Ihe owner of the swansp, yet nothing is essayed in order 



The ExciLisii at Jamestow.v. 55 

thereto. And now since wc arc speaking of .Jauicslow ii, <j;i\c inc lea\e 
to adjoyu some rellcctions as to tlie situation and fortifications of the 
place. The natural situation of the place is such, as perhaps the world 
has not a more commodiniis jihu-c for a town where all thiiiu's conspire 
for advantage thereof. 

Jamestown Island is lather a peninsula, heint; joyned to the conti- 
nent by a small neck of land, nol |)ast twenty or thirty yards over, and 
which at sprinu' tides is o\-erllowed and is then an absolute Island. 
Now they have built a silly sort of a fort, that is a brick wall in the 
shape of a half uiooii. at the l)ejiiuniug of the swamp, because the chan- 
nel of the ii\er lies very nigh the shoar; but it is the same as if a fort 
were built at Chelsea to secure London from being taken by shipping. 
Besides ships passing uj) the river are secured from the guns of the fort, 
till they come directly over a;.;ainst tlie fort, by reason the fort stands 
in a vale, and all the guns directed down the river, that should play on 
the ships, as tliev are coming up the river, will lodge their shot within 
ten, twenty or forty yards in the rising bank, which is much above the 
level of the fort; so that if a ship gave but a good broadside, just when 
she comes to bear upon the fort, she might put the fort into that con- 
fusion, as to have free passage enough. There w'as indeed an old fort of 
earth in the town, being a sort of a tetragone, with something like 
bastions at the four corners, as I remember: but the channel lying 
further ott' to the middle of the river there, they let it be demolished, 
and liuilt that new one spoken of, of brick, which seems little better than 
a blind wall, to shoot wild ducks or geese. 

If they would build a fort for the security of the town and country, 
I conceive it should be on Archer's Hope Point, for that would stop the 
ships from passing up the river, before they come to the town, and 
would secure the town from being blocked up by Sea. The channel at 
Archer's Hope Point lies close by the shoar, and makes such an angle 
there by reason of Hog Island, that goinz up or down the river, let the 
wind be where it will, they must there bring the contrary tack on 
board, and generally when they about the ships, as they call it, they are 
so near the shoar, that a man may almost fling a stone on board. How 
much this hinders the motion of a ship, and what confusion it must be 
to them to bring a contrary tack on board, whilst they have all the 
guns of a fort playing so nigh u])on tliem, may readily be conceived. 
Archer's Ilo])e is a neck of land, that runs down three miles long, not 
much ])ast half a mile broad betwixt the ^lain River and Aicher's Hope 
Creek, which has large marshes and swamps: so that a citadel built 
upon the jioint. would almost be impregnable, being it could be at- 
tacked no way but one, which is so narrow a slender neck of land, that 
it would be diflicult to take it that way; and it would secure Jamestown 
from being blocked, being it would not be past a mile by water, to the 
point of Jamestown Island. The Island is so surrounded with water 
and marshv land, that the town could never be bomb'd bv land." 



56 Tpie Cradle of the Eepublic. 

Colonel Pliili}) Liidwell had the contract for the State House, 
and finished it in 1G85. 

In 1097, Dr. James Blair reported to the Lords of Trade that 
there were about twenty or thirty houses in Jamestown ; and in 
September, 1698, Governor Francis Xicholson, received the ac- 
customed instructions from England for the speedy rebuilding 
and enlarging of Jamestown. 

But the evil genius of misfortune still pursued the unfortunate 
metropolis, for on October 31, 1698, the State House again fell 
a victim to the flames. 

In 1()97, the Attorney-General, Edward Chilton, had expressed 
the opinion that the most suitable place for the seat of govern- 
ment and centre of business was at the Middle Plantation, where 
the college was; and now Colonel Francis Xicholson, the Gover- 
nor, who had ambitious notions of founding a city, carried out the 
idea, and removed the scat of government to jNIiddle Plantation. 
Mdiose name he changed to Williamsl)U]"g. There he began the 
erection of a new building, which he denominated the Capitol, 
after the Roman examj^le. This was the first use of the term in 
America to designate the State House. The government Ijuilding' 
in Virginia has ever since retained the name of the Capitol. 

Ijong before the removal of the Capitol to V/illiamsburg, the 
land on tlie island was rapidly consolidating into the hands of a 
few persons. About the close of the century most of the island 
was owned by two persons — the east end by Edward Travis, son 
of Edward Travis, who married the daughter of John Johnson, 
one of the early patentees, and William Sherwood, who married 
the widow of Richard James, another early patentee in the west 
end. '^I'lie widow of the last married Edward Jaquelin, and 
Jaquelin's daughter by another marriage married Richard Am- 
bler, Esq., who succeeded to the proprietorship of most of the 
western part, although the Ludwells continued to hold land in the 
island for very many years. As long as the town continued to be 
represented in the House of Burgesses an Ambler or a Travis 
nearly always represented it. By the operation of tlie Constitu- 
tion of 17T6, Jamestown lost its representative. 

In 1723, Jamestown was described by Rev. Hugh Jones as 
amounting to "an abundance of brick rubbish, with three or four 
inhabited h(mses." 



1'iiK Kn(JMsii a r .Tamkstowx. 57 

\\\ 1 (SI. Ijonl Cornwall is liavin^u' defeated Lal'ayette at (Jrecn- 
spring, a few miles distant, crussed his army at Jamestown and 
proeec'dod to I'ortsmonth. 

At this time Thatchei'. in his inilitr.iT journal, reports two 
liouses as standing bv the river side. These must have been the 
bonses of Colonel Champion Travis and Mr. John Ambler. 

ill the year 1807, the second centennial anniversary of the 
landing of the colonists Avas celebrated at Jamestown by the 
citi;;ens of A\'illiamsbnrg, Xorfolk, Portsmouth, Hampton, 
Petersburg, and the surrounding country. There were present 
from Xorfolk Captain Peter Xestell, with his volunteer State 
Artillery; James O'Connor, editor of the Xorfolk and Ports- 
mouth Herald: the talented Thomas Blanchard and his son, 

C. K. Blanchard ; ^Major John Saunders, of the United States 
Army, stationed at Fort Xelson. From Petersburg came John 

D. Burke, the historian; from AVilliamsburg Chancellor Samuel 
Tyler, Bishop Madison and many others. Conspicuous among" 
the older people wei-e Colonel Thomas Xewton, of Xorfolk, 
Colonel Champion Travis, of Jamestown, and Colonel Wilson 
Miles Cary, of Ceeley's, Elizabeth City county; — surviving mem- 
bers of the Virginia Convention of 177C, which had been the 
first to declare for State independence and to recommend to 
Congress and the other States similar action. 

On the 13tli day of May, the da^vn was ushered in by a salute 
from the cannon. The eye rested on thirty-two sailing vessels in 
the crescent cove of Jamestown. Over four hundred ladies were 
present. A procession was formed to the graveyard of the old 
church, then represented by its solitary steeple. Here Bishop 
Madison delivered an elorjuent prayer. After this the procession 
returned to the ground in front of Colonel Travis's house, where 
orations were delivered by Briscoe G. Baldwin and John Madison, 
and odes by C'. K. Blanchard and Leroy Anderson^ — all students 
of AVilliam and Mary College. After this, the ladies dined in the 
spacious rooms of the Travis mansion house, and danced the 
hours away in the long room by the water side. 

The morning of the lith was ushered in by cannon, and at 
eleven o'clock the visitors attended the funeral of a yonng man 
at the old graveyard, who had fallen a victim to the heat and "the 

' Lprnv Anderson had iH'fn the first to siiooest tlie celebration. 



58 The Ckadle of tile Reitblic. 

too free use of ice in cyder." Xext a meeting was held at 
which Thomas Newton presided and several resolutions were 
adopted looking to making the 13th of May an annual holiday 
for the Statt'. 

On tlie ir)tlu tlie pilgrims asseiul)li'd in Williamsljurg in the 
very room of the Ealeigh tavern, \\diere the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence had been drafted by tbe committee of the convention. 
Samuel Tyler, Cbancellor of the Williamsburg District, acted as 
j^resident, aud James Semple as vice-president. Among the 
toasts drank at the banquet on this occasion was "The virtuous 
and enlightened, the patriotic convention of the State of Vir- 
ginia, that l)()(ly ^^'hich with oile voice dared to declare themselves 
independent, and to propose a similar declaration to their sister 
•States.''" 

After dinner a procession commenced, at the head of which 
were borne in triumph Colonels Cary, Xewton and Travis, sur- 
viving ]nembers of the Virginia Convention. 

In 1S22, another celeljration was held at Jamestown Island, the 
orators l)eing, as on the former occasion, students of William 
and ]\Iary, William Barton Bogers, Ilobert Saunders and ]\Ir. Mc- 
Creary, the tirst two of whom were afterwards distinguished pro- 
fessors of William and Mary. 

The appearance of the place in 1837 was described Ijy the 
antirpiary, Mr. Kichard Kandolpli, in the SoutJicni Literary 
Messenger: 

"Tlie Ishnid of Jamestown was foiuieily a peninsula. It was con- 
nected with the main land on the north side by a narrow Isthmus near 
the upper extremity of the Island. This Isthmus has long since disap- 
peared, liaving been washed away by the force of the current and 
tides. James City (as it was called) was located on the upper part 
and on the south side of the Island near the banks of the river. Near 
the site of the town are still to be seen some of the remains of the 
walls and mounds of the ancient fortress of Jamestown. The fort evi- 
dently extended some distance from its present termination, but has 
been gradually washed away by the encroaching tides. It was mounted 
by several pieces of ordnance. A few hundred yards to the right of the 
fort stands a small brick building that tradition says was a powder 
magazine. Underneath tliis tliere is a cellar arched and paved with 
brick, in which, in all probability, the ammunition was deposited. On 
the north side of the house numerous impressions in the walls are 
I^lainly visible. The bricks and mortar forming the arch of the cellar 



The ExGLisii at Ja:\iestowx. 59 

were ;is fioli as if thiv liail liccn put up Nciy ri'icutiy. .Vt a little dis- 
taiR'f from tliis liousc arc tlu- rcuiaiiis ( ciinsist iiiy- of hiicks, plaster, 
etc.) of ail apparently \eiy lai\u<' i)uil(lin,ii. Tliis was apparently the 
Governor's or State House. 'J'liere are similar remains in other places lyinjj;- 
on the surface of the ground in regular order in a long, narrow line, which 
probably indicates the direction and location of the principle streets of 
the town. A ])art of the steeple of the chtirch, which was burned, 1 
believe, during Bacon's rebellion, is still standing. Contiguous to the 
steejile there is an ancient grave yard. Several members of the Lee 
family of Greenspring are buried tliere. Tlieir tombs are still standing, 
though very much injured liy time. Tliis has been a conspicuous and 
distinguished family from a \eiy remote periotl. 

'■'J'lie tomli of .lolin Ambler. \\ho was interred here, is also stand- 
ing. He was the lirst sole proprietor of Jamestown,' and erected the 
large brick dwelling house on the Island, which is in excellent condi- 
tion, though built probably nearly a century ago. This is the only 
dwelling liouse on the Island. - 

"Here are tlie tondis of several other jiersons eminent for talent 
and usefulness (luiing the early a^e of the colony. They are, however, 
in a very iiiinous and mutilated state. There is an inscription on one 
of the tombs leenrding the death of a man who died in 1G70. In dig- 
ging the foundation of a house in the Island some time since the work- 
men discovered several human skeletons. Indeed, these may be found 
in many places near the site of the town. Jamestown was literally the 
grave of the first settlers. The fatality among them, produced bv 
famine and diseases of the climate ( then much more violent than at 
present), was almost unprecedented. The p)art of the Island not em- 
braced within the limits of a town a]ipears to have been apportioned 
into numerous lots of small size, each one of which was surrounded by a 
dyke. Many of these ditches are still visible and plainly indicate the 
extent of the lots they enclosed. On some of these lots nre to be found 
remains of buildings. On one there is an old well, the brick walls of 
which are quite perfect and sound. 

''The greater part of the island was in possession of the Ambler 
family for several generations. The other portion remained for many 
years in possession of the Travis family. The present proprietor (Col. 
Goodrich Durfey ) has jmrchased the whole Island. It is a very valu- 
able estate, containing about 2.()U0 acres. The tract contains 1,200 or 
1.400 acres of arable land of excellent quality. The soil is well adapted 
to the growth of corn, wheat, oats, and palma christi. The Island and 
surrounding country abound in game of almost every description — par- 
tridges, pheasants, wild turkeys, waterfowl and deer." 

^Tliis is a mistake. David liullock. of Kiehmoiul. was first sole pro- 
jjrietor. 

^ The Travis dwelliir.; house was burned before 1810. 



60 The Cradle of the Eei-ubljo. 

In 1(S|!I the same ^'ciit Iciiian wi-otc a iiapcr on .laincstown for 
the Viiujiiiui // isldi'li-iil L'(>{/i:<h'r. All extract froiu this article 
tliroAvs some further lii^lit u])oii the place: 

■'In October. I(!(i0. an Act of Assembly was passed for iMiiUliiig 
a State House in .lames City "for tbe right Honorable the Governor and 
Council to keep courts, and for future grand assemblies to meet in.' 
This was accordingly erected under the superintendence of Sir William 
Berkeley, and a committee consisting of Col. Wm. Barber, Col. Gerard 
Fowke. Col. Kendall, Mr. Thomas Warren, ^Ir. Kaleigh Travers and Mr. 
Thomas Lucas. It was built with bricks, made in the town, or at least 
near it. There is good reason to believe that the State House was ad- 
jacent to Sir William Berkeley's residence and the thirty-two brick 
houses erected at public expense, as already mentioned. All these- 
houses, however, with tlie church, which was eastward of them and a 
little lower down, were burnt by Kichaid Lawrence, one of Bacon's 
men. in 1070. The magazine was the only house left, and that is still 
standing. 

"I will only add that the great body of the town, which, however, was 
never veiy large, was certainly west of the Old Steeple still visible, and 
is now entirely, oi' very nearly, submerged in the river. This is clearly 
proved by the old deeds for lots in the town recorded in the office of 
James City County Court, which call for bounds that are now under 
water, and luorc jtalpably. by vast numbers of broken ])ricks and other 
relics of building that may still be seen on western ))ank at low tide." 

In 1831, the \\-h()le j)laee had heeonie united in the (ownership 
of a sing-le ])ropriet()r, Mr. David Bullock, of Richmond. In 
1836 it was assessed to Colonel Goodrich Durfey, and in 1846 tO' 
John Coke, father of Hon. Richard Coke, late Senator from 
Texas. In 1848. it was assessed to Martha Allen Orgain, daugh- 
ter of Colonel William Allen, of Claremont. In 1851, it was 
assessed to William Allen, her son, who hy legislative enactment 
took the name of Allen. He was the owner of the island during- 
the war. 1861 -"65. 

On the loth of iMay, 1S5T. the two liundred and hftieth anni- 
versary was eelehrated under the aus])ices of the Jamestown 
Society, organized in 1854 hy A^irginia residents in Washington. 
Owing to the fact that the then owner of Jamestown had devoted 
the land siii-rounding the old church to agi'icultural purposes, 
the ceremonies were held at the east end. two miles back, near 
the burial-ground of the Travis family. The crowd included the 
Govei-nor, Henry A. Wise, and upwards of eight thousand people. 
The oi'ator was Ex-President John Tyler, and the poet was- 



'J'liK lOxGLisir AT Jamkstowx. 



Gl 



James Barron Hope. The weather was intensely dry and warm, 
^nd at niglit tliere was a great fall of rain. The celebration, 
however, was very imposing and successful. 

During liie war of isiil-'ii,") the island was fortified by the 
Confederate forces, but on their al)andoiimeiit of the Peninsula, 
it- was held l)y the Federal forces. 

The rest of the history of the place is familiar to many. When 
the College of William and Mary was reorganized in 1888, the 
■c-arliest celebration attempted by the faculty and students was 






VIEW OF JAMESTOWN FROM THE RIVER. 

[Sketched in 1857 by Miss Catherine C. Hopley, an English lady. Winsor's Xarraih'c and 
Cj-iticat History of Aiiwriia^ \o\. 111., Part I., page 130.] 



held in the Aery shad<)\\- of the old tower. Then followed the 
munificent act of ]Mr. aud Mrs. Edward E. Barney. They pre- 
sented twenty-tM'o aud one half acres of land, including the 
church-yard, to tlie Association for the Preservation of Virginia 
Antiquities, consisting of rej^resentative ladies of Virginia. 

Among the most notable events which have happened upon the 
island since that time M-as the gathering witnessed there two 
3-ears ago of the bishops of the Episcopal Church, representing 
the different States of the American T^nion. 

The island is a beautiful spot, and is one of the best planta- 
tions on James River. There is now a fine artesian well affordinsf 



62 The Cradle of the Republic. 

very piii'i' and palataMc water. Many of the swampy })laees have 
been draiiu'd. and the health of tlie ishmd under present eondi- 
tions is as <j;-()od as that of any ])laee in Virginia. 



Historical Su.m:mary. 



{From flic s<iiliii</ of llic first colon// from London to the dlxnidonnicnt 
of J(imcsl(jirn in I (ill!). ) 

Fn:sT CiiAiiTEy!. Ai'kil 10. KiOti. 
December 20, l(iO(). — The first colony leaves London. 
January 5, KiOT. — They anchor at the Downs. 
About February 8, 1G07. — They leave the coast of England. 
April 20. lOOT.^They reach the Virginia coast, and the Council elect 

Edward Maria ^^ ingfield first president. 
]\ray 13, 1007. — Arrival at Jamestown Island. 
]\lay 14, 1007. — Landing eiTected. 

June 22, 1007. — Capt. Christopher Xewpoit leaves for England. 
September 10. 1007. — Wingfield deposed, and Capt. John RatclilTe presi- 
dent. 
January 4, 1()08. — Capt. Xewpoit arrives with the "First Supply" of 

men and provisions. 
April 10, 1608. — Newport leaves for England. 
April 20, 1608. — Arrival of Capt. Francis Nelson from the West Indies 

(a belated part of the First Supply). 
September 10, 1608. — Katcliff'e's year ex})ires and John Smith becomes 

president. 
October, 1G08. — Arrival of the Second Supjdy. 
December, 1608. — First marriage in ^'irgillia — Tohn Laydon and Ann 

Burras. 
December, 1608. — Return of Newport to England. 
August, 1609.— Arrival of the Third Supply. 
September 10. 1609. — Capt. Smith's presidency expires and Capt. George 

Percy made president. 

, 1609. — Virginia Laydon, the first English child born in Virginia. 

October 5, 1609. — Capt. Smith returns to I'higland. 

Second Charter, May 23, 1609; Tiurd Charter, March 12, 1612. 
May 20. 1610. — Arrival of Sir Thomas Gates, first governor, with that 

portion of the Third Supply which was wrecked in the Bermudas. 
June 7. 1610. — The colonists abandon Jamestown. 
June 10, 1610. — Lord Delaware arrives at Jamestown. 
March 28, 1611. — Lord Delaware sails for England, leaving Capt. George 

Percy deputy-governor. 
May 19, 1611. — Sir Thomas Dale arrives as deputy-governor. 
August, 1611. — Sir Thomas Gates arrives as lieutenant-governor. 



TiiK Ex(iLis[r AT Ja.mestowx. 63 

September, Kill. — Heiirieo founded. 

, l(il2. — loliii Holfe introduces the eulture of tobacco. 

Cliiistiuas. 1()1.3. — JU'riiiudn Hundred founded. 

Marcli, 1(J14. — Sir Tlioiuas ( ;ates returns to England, and Sir Thomas 
Dale acts as deputj'-governor. 

About April .5, Hi 14. — Pocahontas marries John Rolfe. 

May, 101(3. — Sir Thomas Dale returns to England, and Caj)!. George 
Yeardley made deputy-governor. 

^Nlarcii 21, 1017. — Pocahontas buried in the Parisli Church at Gravesend, 
England. 

^Fay. 1017. — Capl. Sanuud .\^rgall arrives as deputy-governor. 

April. 1018. — Powhatan dies. 

Ai)ril 10, 1019. — Capt. Argall leaves Jamestown and Capt. Xathaniel 
Powell becomes deputy-governor. 

Ajiril 19, 1019. — Sir George Yeaidley arrives as Governor and Captain- 
General of Virginia. 

July W, 1019.— First Legislative Assembly. 

August, 1019. — First negroes landed; African slavery introduced. 

Xo\'cmber 18, 1021, — Sir George Yeardley"s term expires, and Sir Fran- 
cis Wyatt becomes GoA'ernoi'. 

^larch 22, 1022. — Indian massacre; 347 whites slain out of a population 
of 1,2.58. 

Royal Goverxmext. 

June, 1624. — Chief-Justice Ley declares the charter null and A'oid. 

May 17, 1626. — Sir Francis Wyatt sails for England, and Sir George 
Yeardley becomes Governor the second time. 

November 13, 1027. — Sir George Y'eardley buried at Jamestown, and tlie 
next day Capt. Francis West becomes acting-governor by the 
Council's election. 

]March .5, 1029. — Capt. West goes to p]ngland. and Dr. John Pott elected 
acting-governor by the Council. 

March 24, 1630.— Sir John Harvey arrives as Governor and Captain-Gen- 
eral of Virginia. 

April 28, 103.5. — Harvey deposed, and Capt. John West elected by the 
Council acting-governor. 

January 18, 1037. — Sir John Harvey reads his commission at Elizabeth 
City to be Governor a second time. 

November, 1639. — Sir Francis Wyatt arrives Governor, 

February, 1642. — Sir William Berkeley becomes Governor, 

April 17, 1044. — Second Indian massacre. 

June, 1644. — Richard Kempe elected by the Coiuicil acting-governor in 
the absence of Governor Berkeley. 

June, 104.5. — Sir William Berkeley returns to Virginia. 

, 1646. — Opechancanough dies at Jamestown. 

March 12. 1052. — Surrender of the colony to the Parliament. 

April 30, 10.52. — Richard Bennett elected Governor by the Assembly. 

March 31. 105.5. — Edward DiL'ges elected Governor. 



64 The Cradle of the Eepublic. 

March 13, 1058. — Samuel ]\lathe\vs elected Governor. 

January, 1060. — Death of ]\latliews. 

]\Iarch 13, 1000. — Sir William Berkeley re-elected Governor by the As- 
.sembly. 

May 8. 1000. — Charles II. proclaimed in London. 

September 20. 1000. — Charles II. proclaimed in Virginia. 

April 30, 1001. — Col. Francis Moryson acting-governor in the absence of 
Sir William Berkeley in Europe. 

Seiitember-November, 1662. — Berkeley returns to Jamestown from 
Europe. 

September 19, 1070. — Jamestown burned Ity Bacon. 

•October 1, 1676. — Nathaniel Bacon. Jr., dies. 

April 27, 1077. — Berkeley leaves tlie countiy. and Col. Herbert Jefi'ryes 
becomes acting-governor. 

December, 1078. — Col. Jeffryes dies, and Sir Henry Chicheley succeeds 
as deputy-governor. 

May 2, 1680. — Lord Culpeper arrives Governor of "S'irginia. 

August, 1680. — Lord Culpeper visits England, and Sir Henry Chicheley 
acts as deputy-go^'ernor. 

December 16, 1082. — Lord Culpeper arrives the second time in Virginia. 

September 10, 1083. — Lord Culpeper goes back to England, and Nicho- 
las Spencer, Esq.. president of the Council, acts as deputy-gov- 
ernor. 

April 15, 1684. — Francis, Lord Howard of Elhnghain, Governor. 

October, 1088. — Nathaniel Bacon, president of the Council, acting-gov- 
ernor. 

October 10, 1090. — Sir Francis Nicholson lieuteriant-governor. 

October 15, 1692. — Sir Edmond Andros lieutenant-;,overuor. 

October 9, 1698. — Sir Francis Nicholson lieutenant-governor till Au- 
gust 15. 1705. 

October 31, 1098..: — State House at Jamestown destroyed by tire. 

April, 1099. — Act of the General Assembly for building the capitol at 
Williamsburg. 

Members of the House of Burgesses. 1619-1770. 
{Partial List.) 
1619, July 31. — Capt. William Powell. Ensign \Mlliam Spence. 
March 5, 1024.— Richard Kingsmill, Edward IJlaney. 
October 16, 1629.^:-Richard Kingsmill. George ]\Ienifie. 
March 24, 1030. — John Southerne, Robert Barrington. 
February 21, 1032.— John Southerne. Lieutenant Thomas Crumpe. 
September 4, lG32.^John Jackson. 
February 1, 1033.' — Tdhn Corker, Gent. 

^ In 1034 the ])hintations were formed into counties, and Jamestown 
appears after tliat to have had no representative apart from James City 
county until lOOl. But in March, 1001, the General Assembly gave 
Jamestown the light to elect one of itself. And this privilege was ex- 
•ercised down to the adoption of the State Constitution, in 1776. " 



'I'liK KxcLisii AT .Iamestowx. 65 

June .5. lOOd. — Major 'J'lu'opliilus Hone. 

March 2, 1«!);3.— Capt. .Miles Caiy. 

Sciitcinl)er 24, 1G9G. — Philip Ludwell (William Sherwood, dead). 

I)ecenil)or o, 1702. — Robert HeAerley. 

November 1(). 1714. — Edward Jaqiielin. 

Ajnil 2:5. 1718— William Brodnax.^ 

.Alay !t. 172.S.— William Brodnax. 

Alay 12. 172(i. — ^^■illiam lirodnax. 

.\uyiist ]'A. \7'M}. — Lewis Bin well. 

Novcmlier :i. 1748.— Philip Lmlwell. 

l-'fbniary 27. 1752. — Edward Travis. 

.March 2.3. 17.)8. — Edward Champion Travis. 

.May. 1 7li.). — I'^dward Chanipion TraA'is. 

Xii\('niber (i. ]7(i(>. — Edwaril Andjler. 

Aiarch .{1. 17<)8. — Edward Champion Travis. 

Novciiilicr 7. 17(in. — Fel)ruary 10. 1772. — Champion Travis. 

l''ciiruaiy 10. 1772. — Cliampioii Travis. 

IMexiheus of Convextioxs. 
^farch 20. 177o. February 17. 177-). Decemljer 1. 1775, May 0, 1770. — ■ 
Cliamjiioii Travis. 

' William Brodnax mariied the widow of Edward Travis. Tliere ap- 
]H';\v to have been (1) Edwai'd' Travis, who married the daughter of 
.bill 11 .Fohnson, living at Jamestown, in 1G25; (2) Edward- Travis, his 
son. who married Elizabeth; (3) Edward^ Travis, who married Rebecca, 
daughter of John Champion; he died in 1700; (4) Edward^ Travis, 
living, in 171(): (5) Edward'' Travis, member from Jamestown, 1752; 
(0) Edward Cliampion" Travis; (7) Champion Travis,' his son, mem- 
ber (if tl:c first State Comention, 177(). 



IV. 
CHARACTER OF THE EMIGRANTS. 

TflE |)('()})le who caine to Kasterii Virginia wei'c fair repre- 
sentatives of English and Scotch society. The noble fami- 
lies of England were represented in the Wests, Diggeses, Wyatts, 
F.airfaxes, Humes, etc. Some few knights and knights baronets 
settled here and left descendants, like Sir Ueorge Yeardley, Sir 
William Ski}) with, Sir Thomas Lunsford, and others. Many 
sons of knights, soldiers, and othcers came. The great Inilk, how- 
ever, of the intluentiai peo])le were tradesmen of the English 
cities, wlio represented younger branches of the country gentry 
of England and Scotland. 

Eegarding the common classes, the great majority of the ear- 
liest settlers were self-respecting, honest people, wlio came at 
their own expense, or ^•()luntari]y entered into a term of service 
in Virginia. Of tlie criminal class sent o\er, many were political 
prisoners of family and position. As the law of Virginia forbade 
any convict from ever holding any position of trust in the colony, 
the influence of such of these as survived the severities of the 
climate and hard labor in the hot tobacco tields never amounted 
to anvthing.^ Al)out the close of the seventeenth century negro 
labor was substituted for white labor. Xow the emigi'ation of 
the eighteenth century was vastly greater than that of the seven- 
teenth century, the white ])0]uilation in ITOO l)eing about 70.000, 
whereas in 17T6 it was about 360,000. Comparatively few of 
these latter emigrants were objectionable. In the nineteenth 
centurv a very small percentage of the imuK-nse Enro|)ean emi- 
gration to the United States came southward ; so that the South 
fortunately missed the flood of paupers and criminals, against 
Avhom in Ihc end tb.e Federal rongress found itsell' compelled to 
])ass stringent laws. 

1 In 1671 Sir William lieikeley said that four out of every five of the 
servants liad ijeiished up to that time during the seasoning period. 



CllAK.VCTEK OF T 1 1 K IvM K : KAXTS. 67 

'i'lie poinilatioii of the South is tlms the most strictly homo- 
o[C'iieous .ViriCrieaii })oi)\Uatioii on the continent. 

Tlie people of Eastern A'irginia came in part from Southwef^t- 
crn England, where the English slurred their "r"s/' which ac- 
coiiuts for this plienomenon in some parts of Virginia. This 
■elenient was found in early times, especially in the counties, on 
the south of the James, and in Henrico county perhaps, which 
were practically colonies of the great southwestern city of Bris- 
tol. Xevertheless, the hulk of the population, and especially the 
population on the north of the James, as far indeed as the great 
Potomac, were from Middle Eastern England, where the classic 
English language of Shakespeare prevailed. 

It must be remembered that the great company of London 
merchants first controlled the colony, and the records of the old 
counties on the north of the James coiiclusively show that these 
London merchants were largely re]:)resented in that part of Vir- 
ginia. The trade of the Peninsula counties and of the Glouces- 
ter, Eap])ahannock and Xorthern Xecks was, during the seven- 
teenth century, almost entirely with the great English metropo- 
lis. Iji fact, th.e deeds and powers of attorney show that the 
])()pulation was largely from London and the environing counties 
— .Middlesex, Essex, etc. Instance the Filmers of ^Yarwick 
county. Virginia; Timsons, Juxons, Mosses, Goodwins of York 
county; Pages of Gloucester; Boilings, Blands and Byrds of 
Charles City, etc., all of whom came from London or near it. 

jNforeover, there is plenty of evidence that the speech of the 
people of A'irginia had fnnn very early days comparatively little 
of tJie ])rovincial or dialectic about it. A single wdtness suffices — 
the aide professor of mathematics in the College of William and 
Mary in 1 7 22 — Pev. JLigli Jones, A. :M. In his Present State of 
Vir(/liiia ho says tliat "the planters of Virginia, and even the 
iiative lU'gi'oes. talk good English wiihoui idiom or tone, and 
discourse handsomely on most common subjects;"' that they, in 
fact, looked down u])on all Englishmen who did not come from 
London, affecting to be greatly amused at the jargon of persons 
from Bristol, the smaller cities in England, the rural districts, 
and from Scotland. 

Take not one period, liut th(> whole course of colonial history, 
and there can l)e no doultt tliat many more ^'hookish people" came 



G8 



Ttie Cradle of the Republic. 



to Yirginia than to any other colony. Libraries were more com- 
mon in Virginia than in any other colony,, and the "bookish 
man,"' no matter where he came from in England, spoke the lan- 
OTao-e of Middle-Eastern England. 



V. 
THE FORT. 

Mini 14. 1(;(»7. — "\\"<-' land(.'(I all our inen ; which were set to 
work ahout the I'ortitit-atiou, and others some to watch and ward 
as it was convenit'nt." 

Mail 28. — "We lahoured [)all()za(li)ing' our Forte." The In- 
dians were still lui'kin^- ahout: on the 29th they killed one of 
the Kn,ulish dogs; on Sunday, the oOth, they shot Mr. Eustuce 
Clovcll (who afterwards died of his hurt). 

■J }iiic 5. — While the fort was yet mifiuished, the Indians* of 
I'aspahegh made a fierce assault. There came ahove two hundred 
Indians with their king. They came u}) almost into the fort, 
shot through the tents, and killed a hoy and wounded eleven men, 
whereof one died after. "We killed dyvers of them.'' The 
Council stood in_ front, and four out of the five present were 
wounded [(losnold, liatclitfe, Martin and Kendall], and "our 
President, ^fr. Wingfield (who shewed himselfe a valiant gentle- 
man), had an ari'ow shot cleane through his hearde, yet escaped 
liurte." 

June G. — Captain Xewport caused his men to aid the emi- 
grants in completing their fortifications. 

Mnnddij. June 15. — "We had huilt and finished our fort, which 
was triangle-wise, having thive hulwarkes at every corner, like a 
half moone, and four or five pieces of artillerie mounted in 
them."" 

As descrihed hy William Strachey in 1612, the fort faced the 
ri\er, four hundred and twenty feet, and the other two sides were 
three hundred feet long. At each angle a l;)ulwark or watch-tower 
was raised, and in each hulwark a piece or two of ordnance was 
well mounted. On each side, at an equal distance from the pali- 
sades, was a settled street of houses, "running along so as each 
line of the angle had its street." In the midst were a market 
place, a storehouse, a corps-du-garde, and the church. The pal- 



70 T£iE Cradle of the Republic. 

isades were made of strong ^^laidc and strong posts, the latter 
'ijoing set four feet in the ground."" 

Tliere was a phiin hy the west Ijulwark used for drilling the 
coiupany, which was called Smithfield [after Sir Thomas 
Smith] ; where sometimes more than a hundred savages would 
stand in amazement to witness a file of soldiers shoot at a mark 
on a tree. 

A gate opened on the river front, and through this Lord Dela- 
Avare entered when he made his memoral)le landing, on Sunday, 
June 10, IGIO. 

In 1619, the fort was mounted )>y two deini-culverins.^ 

On the day of the Indian massacre, Good Friday, March 22, 
1622, the guns from the fort dispersed three boat-loads of In- 
dians who appeared before it. 

The guard at the fort appears to have consisted of a captain 
and ten men. 

There was at a later day a fort on the island made of turf m 
shape of a tetragon, having two eastern bastions, and, I sujDpose, 
two western ones at the corners. This fort was probably on the 
same site as the old, and in fact w^s the old, with its lines con- 
formed to a square. 

During the Dutch war, in 1667, Virginia was invaded by a 
Dutch fleet, which burned the shipping at the mouth of the river. 
For the protection of the colony, five forts were decreed by the 
General Assembly to be erected on the five principal rivers. The 
fort at James City was ordered to l)e of brick and to be erected at 
the proper and sole charge of the counties of James City, Surry, 
Charles City and Henrico. 

]\Ir. Williain Drunnnond, Major Theophilus Hone and ]\Ir. 
Mathew Page were the contractors. The fort was to be of brick, 
and to have a frontage extending at least one hundred and fifty 
feet. In 1673 the commissioners of the Association for the coun- 
ties named complained that the fort was not yet erected, and 
"only some lu'ick had been made." Thereupon, Drummond and 
Flone (Page being dead) were ordered to complete the work. 

During the next year various fines went to the use of the fort. 
On April 6, 1674, Mathew Swauu and his associates, engaged in a 

^A culveriu was a long cannon, usnally an 18-pounder, witli serpent- 
shaped handles. 



TiFR Fort. 71 

imitiiiy that year in Surry, were (incd, and the fines given to tlie 
I'orL; but on their due subniist^ion these fines were taken off. 
Mr. Hubert Farrell/ of James City eoiinty, and Mr. Eicliard 
Lawrence, of Jamestown, did not fare so well. Tlie former, on 
April 7tli, was fined, to the use of the fort, ten thousand pounds 
of tobacco for "scandal iziiii:- ^frs. Ta])itha Bowler at the house of 
!M'r. White,"' and tlir latter, on April Dtli. was fined, to the same 
use, five hundred pounds of tobaceo and cask, "fnv entertaining 
tlie Hon'ble tbe Governor's servants.'' 

After some (hday tlu' fort was completed. It had the shape 
of a half moon, and lay. above the old fort, at the head of Pitch 
and Tar Swamp in a low ground. At that point the river chan- 
nel ran close to the shore. It was criticised by the minister, ^Ir. 
Clayton, as of not much value for defence, because the rising 
bank of the river ])revented the guns from playing down the 
stream, "so that if a ship gave a good broadside just when she 
came to bear on the fort, she might put the fort into that confu- 
sion as to have free passage at once enough." 

In 1701, the brick fort had twenty guns, "which secured ships 
riding above Jamestown." 

In 1697, an order was made by the Assenddy to erect a brick 
magazine on the island. 

In course of time the fort was deserted, and the advancing 
waters enveloped it. In 1803, Professor Girardin wrote: "]\Iany 
yards of the palisades erected Ijy the first ( ?) settlers are still to 
be seen at low tide, standing at least one hundred and fifty or two 
hundred paces from tbe })resent shore. The pieces of timber 
which were fixed perpendicularly in the ground have decayed, 
until they have become entirely submerged l)y the gradual ad- 
vancement of the river upon the land, where the fort originally 
stood.'* In 1837, ^Ir. Pichard Pandolph. under the signature of 
"The x\ntiquary." wi-ote in the Southern Litrrari/ Messenger that 
some of the walls and mounds of the fort were then to be seen. 
"The fort evidently extended some distance beyond its present 
termination, but has been gradually washed away by the en- 
croaching tides \ few hundred yards to the right of the 

fort stands a snuill briek huilding, which tradition says was a 

' In a fight at King's Creek, York county, during Bacon's Rebellion, 
Farrcll, who commanded Berkeley's men, was killed. 



T2 TiiK Chadle of the l\EprBLic. 

])()\V(lej' iiia,uaziiii'. I'liderneath liiit< thcR' is a eellai-. arched and 
paved with brick, in which, in all probabilit}^, the aniniunition 
was deposited. . . . On the north side of the house numerous 
impressions in the walls are plainly visible, which, it is evident, 
were made b}' balls lired against the house." 

The brick magazine before 18<)1 was Tised as a house for a 
carpenter on the place. It has now l)een nearly all swept away 
by the waves, and only a corner of the wall is standing.^ 

Xothing now is to l)e seen of the fort. Its site is entirely cov- 
ered Ity water. 

^ Mr. John (iilliaiii. of Williamsburg, used to occupy it when 'S\v. 
Coke owned the phmtation in lS4t). It then stood about a hundred yards 
iidand. as lie informed me. 



VI. 
THE CHURCH. 

TJIK l)t\i;-iiiiiiii,u- is thus stnttMl hy .loliii Sinitli : ""Wlii'ii 1 went 
first to Mrgiiiiii. 1 well i-ciuember we did hang an awning 
(wliifli is an old sail) to tlii'cc or four trees, to shadow us from 
the sun: oui- walls wei'e rails of wood, our seats unhewed trees, 
till we cut planks; our puljiit a bar of wood nailed to two neigh- 
boring trees; in line weather we shifted into an old rotten tent, 
for we had few l)etter. ;ind this eanie by way of adventure for new. 
This was our church till we built a homely thing like a barn, set 
u})on erotchetts, covered with rafts, sedge and earth, so was also 
the walls. 'J'he best of our houses were of the like curiosity, but, 
for the most ])art. much worse workmanshi]). that neither could 
well defend wind nor rain; yet we had daily t'oniinon prayer 
morning and evening, every Sunday two sermons, and every three 
months the holy commuuion. till our minister died (the Rev. Mr. 
Hunt). But our prayers daily, with an homily on Sundays, 
we continued two or three years after, till more preachers 
came."" 

The first chun-h was eonsumed by lire on Januaiw 7. 1008, 
three days after the landing of the First Su]iply. Mr. Hunt lost 
his li])rary, and nearly all the houses in the fort were Ijurned. 

Captain Newport and his sailors restored the church, and 
Smith and Scri\ener made further repairs in the sj)ring. 

During the spring of the succeeding year (KiO!)) the church 
was again repaired. 

Captain Xew])ort. in the Mitnj iiml Mari/Krcl . saili'd from Vir- 
ginia in December. KiOS, with Captain John liatclitfe. leaving 
Smith as jjresident. ;ind Scrivenei'. Waldo and Wynne as uuMubers 
of the Council. Soon after Xewpoi't"s dejiarti w "there was a 
marriage betwixt dohn l.aydon and Anne Hurras (the maid of 
^Fi's. Forrest — the lii'st L;-enl li'woman and woman sei'\ant that 



74 The Cradle of the Eepublic. 

arrived in onr colony), which Avas the first marriage ever liad in 
Virginia." Tliis marriage was doubtless performed in the 
chnrch, and the ceremony was probably conducted by Eev. Kobert 
Hunt. The bridegroom was twenty-seven years old and the bride 
fourteen. 

In the same church was doubtless baptized a year later the first 
child of this marriage — Virginia Laydon, who was the first fruit 
of the first English Protestant marriage in the New World, her 
mother being a maid and her father being a carpenter. The 
parents and child survived the "Starving Time,"' and the Virginia 
Court of ]()32 recognized otticially the birth by a gift to John 
Laydon of five hundred acres of land, situated in Elizabeth City 
county. In 1625, there were living at Elizabeth City Joliii ami 
Anne Laydon and their children, A'irginia. Alice, Katherine and 
Margaret Laydon — all born in Virginia. 

Some future genealogist may be able to trace the descendants 
of these children in Virginia, when ])erhaps the fortunate rep- 
resentative of this first Virgiuia inarriage sliould receive some 
special recognition ! 

Sir Thomas Cates, who arrived (hiring the liorrors of the 
"Starving Time,"" found the church in a "ruinous"" condition. A 
few weeks later arrived Lord Delaware, on June 10, IGIO. The 
first thing he did after entering tlie fort was to visit the church, 
where he listened to a sermon from the Eev. Richard Buck. 
Among the objects which received his prompt attention in mak- 
ing repairs was the church. He had it renovated and l)eautified. 
The church was of timber, sixty feet long by twenty-four feet 
wide, and the Lord Governor had it fitted with a chancel of 
cedar and a communion table of black walnut. 

"All the iiews and pulpit were of cedar, with fair, broad win- 
dows, also of cedar, to shut and open as the weather shall occa- 
sion. The font was hewn hollow like a canoe,"" and there were 
two bells in the steeple at the west end. "The church was so cast 
as to be very light within, and the Lord Clovernor caused it to 
be kept passing sweet, trimmed up with divers flowers."' There 
was a sexton in charge of the church, and every morning at the 
ringing of a bell by hini, about ten o'clock, each man addressed 
himself to prayers, and so at four of the clock before supper. 
There was a sermon everv Thui-sdav. and two sermons everv Sun- 



TiiK CiiLUcii. . 75 

day, tlie two preaclu'i-s {l\v\. Mr. Ikick aiul the preacher brought 
by Lord Dehiware) taking tlieu- weekly turns. 

"Every Sunday, when the I.ord Governor went to church, he 
was accompanied with all the councillors, captains, other officers, 
and all the gentlemen, and with a guard of fifty halberdiers in 
his Lordship's livery, fair red cloaks on each side and behind 
him. The Lord Governor sat in the choir on a green velvet chair, 
witli a velvet cushion before him. on which he knelt, and the 
council. ca])tains and otticers sat on eacli side of him. each in 
their place, and when ihe Lord (Tovernor rctiu'iied home, he was 
waited on in the same mannci' to his house." 

About the otii of April. 1()14. the marriage of Pocahontas and 
John Kolfe was celel)ratc(l in the church by the Rev. Richard 
Buck, according to the beautiful ritual of the Church of England; 
her father and friends gave approbation to it. her old imcle 
A])achisco, as the deputy for Powdiatan, gave her to him in the 
church, two of her brothers were present to see the ceremony 
performed, and a general peace ensued upon it, which lasted as 
long as Pocahontas lived. The distinction of this couple war- 
rants some further statement. John Rolfe, the l)ridegroom, came 
of an ancient family of Heacham, County Xorfolk, England. 
He was the son of John Rolfe and Dorothea Mason. He was bap- 
tized in the church at Heacham ]\ray 6, 1585. He came to Ber- 
muda, in the Third Supply, with Sir Thomas Gates, and while 
there a daughter was born to him of a wife married in England. 
She was christened Bernnuhi Iiy the Rev. Ricliard Buck, but soon 
dieil. The parents reached Mrginia in ]\Iay, 1610, where the 
mother died. In 1612, John Rolfe was the first Englishman to 
introduce tlie cultivation of tobacco in Virginia. He succeeded 
Ralph Hamor as Secretary of State in 1614. He was in England 
with his Indian bride in 1616-161 T, and while there he sent a 
desci-iption of Virginia to King James and to Sir Robert Rich. 
He was a member of the Council of Virginia in 1619. He mar- 
ried thirdly, Jane, daughter of Captain William Pierce. He met 
his death, it is believed, in the nuissacre of 1623, at the hands of 
the Indians, whose spiritual welfare he had hoped by his mar- 
riage with Pocahontas to materially elevate. 

Pocahontas, the bride, was tlie daughter of Powhatan, head- 
war-chief of all the Indians in 'i'ide-water Viriiinia. Her name. 



7G The Cradlk of 'jiie Iaeitblic. 

Pocahontas, was a pet name i'or "Little Wanton."' Her true 
name was Matoaka. She was of a gentle and loving disposition, 
and, ]jy her iniiuence with her father, saved the lives of two men 
prominent in the history of tlie colony — Captain John Smith 
and Captain Henry Spelman (son of Sir Henry Spelman, the 
historian), who lived with the Indians, was well versed in the 
Indian tongne, and acted as inter})reter for the colony. She was 
captured by Sir Sanniel Argall in April, KJIS, and married John 
Kolfe ahont the .5th of April, Kit 4. She is supposed to have lived 
at Varina with her husl)and till her visit to England in IGIG. 
There she attracted much attention. Lord and Lady Delaware 
introduced her at court. She died at Cravesend on March 21. 
1617, leaving l)ehin(l her one only son, Thomas Rolfe, wlio was 
educate<l \)\ his uncle, Henry Rolfe. He afterwards came to 
Virginia, where he married a Miss Loythress. The most dis- 
tinguished of her descendants was John Randolph of Roanoke. 

When Ca]itain Argall arrived in KilT as deputy-governor 
under Lord ]">elaware, the colonists were so absorbed in the cul- 
ture of tol)acco tliat Jamestown was much neglected. The church 
was down, and the storehouse was used foi" tlie church. Captain 
Argall corrected these defects and re]iaired the chnrcli and cot- 
tages in the city. 

On the arrival of Sir George Yeardley in l(il'.». lie called a 
General Asseml)ly of the plantations to meet at . Jamestown on 
Fridav, July 30, of that year. This was an e|)och in the history 
of not only Virginia, but the United States. This first Ameri- 
can popular legislative body sat in the quire of the church. This 
building was, I suppose, the same church of timber which Lord 
Delaware used to attend, and in which Pocahontas was married, 
although it is variously described as sixty 1)y twenty-four in 1610, 
and lifty by twenty in 1619. 

'AYhere Sir George Yeardly, the Governor, being sett downe 
in Ills accustomed place, those of the counsel of Estate sat next 
hi]n on both handes, exce})t only tlie Secretary [John Pory], then 
a])pointed Speaker, who sat right before him ; John Twine, clerk 
of the General Assembly, being placed next the Speaker ; and 
Thomas Pierse, the Sergeant, standing at the barre, to be ready 
for any service the Asseml)ly should command him. 

"But forasnnu'h as men"s affaires doc little ])ros]H'r where God's 



TiTK CiiiivMii. 77 

service is neglected, all the Burgesses took their phices in the 
Quire till a prayer was said hy ^Ir. [Richard] Bucke, the minis- 
ter, that it would please liod to guard and sanctifie all our pro- 
ceedings to his own glory and to the good of this Plantation. 

'•Pra\^er heing ended, to the intent that as we had begun at 
God Almighty, so we might proceed with awful and due respecte 
towards the l-ieu tenant, our most gratious and dread soveraigne 
[. lames I.J. all the Burgesses were entreated to retyre themselves 
into the body of the church, which being done, before they were 
fullv admitted, tliey were called in order and by name, and so 
cverv nuin (none staggering at it) took the oath of Supremacy 
and then entered the Assemljly." 

The General Assembly in KilO consisted of the Governor, six 
councillors (proljably more) aud twenty burgesses, representing 
ten plantations. I'hey sat together as one body, a custom which 
was kept up till the time of ]^ord Culpeper, who brought about 
the se])aration of the Council from the Burgesses. In token of 
authority, as the nuisters of ^liisonic lodges do to-day, they kept 
their hats on. The inauguration of legislative power in Virginia 
preceded the existence of negro slavery, and has survived it. The 
earliest Assembly in the oldest of the original States, at its first 
session, took measures towards the erection of a "University and 
College." Care was also taken for the education of Indian chil- 
dren. The speaker of the Assembly was John Pory, a jMaster of 
Arts of the University of Cambridge, whose experience as a 
member of Parliament recommended him to the place. As Secre- 
tary of State he was a mendjer of the Council, and as such he was, 
of course, a member of the Assembly. It is probable that the 
General Assembly licid their subsequent meetings in the church 
till the State House was huilt. some time after 1639. 

In January. KioS). Sir Jolni Harvey reported that the Council 
and himself, as well as tlie slii}) cai)tains and a1)lest planters, had 
"largelv contril)uted for the l)uilding of a Ijrick church" at 
Jamestown. Building did not proceed very fast in those days, 
and the church was not comi)leted till several years later. When 
Southwark Parish, in Surry (then part of James City county), 
was, in Xovember, KUT, made into a separate parish, it was pro- 
vided by the General Assembly that the inhabitants of South- 
wark "pay and satisfie to the minister of James City all custo- 



78 The Cradle of the 1\kpublic. 

inary tithes and duos, and all rates and taxes assessed, and to be 
assessed, for and toward the finishing of the clmrch in James 
City." - 

On November 4, 1G39, the Rev. Thomas Hampton received a 
grant for land on a ridge behind the clmrch, running east and 
west eighty-two poles, and north and south thirty-six paces 
("five feet to a pace"'). 

On -Tune 12. lGi4, he received another grant for land on a 
ridge Ijohind the church, one hundred and twelve paces east and 
west, and running the same breadth northerly to Back Eiver. A 
grant to John White August 28, l(U-t ])laccd "'the land apper- 
taining to the State Honse'" east of the church-yard, and gave the 
distance of l\Ir. Hampton's land as twenty-three poles, or one 
hnndred and tAventy-six and one-half yards, from the river front. 
Another grant — one to Radulph Spraggins, August 18, 1644 — 
for one acre of land on the river at the western side, bounding 
east to^\'ards the land of Mr. Hamjiton, shows that the old 
wooden church and the fort in which it stood were higher up on 
the shore than the present brick elmi-cli. A grant to Henry Hart- 
well, Esq., in 1(389, mentions as visible on tiie east of Mr. Sher- 
wood's lot, in James City, very near tlie river, ""two of the eastern 
bastions of an old ruined turf fort." 

On March 9, 1641, the General Court ordered that a general 
vestry be elected at "James Citty." In 4\'l)]-uary, 1645, it was 
enacted l)y the General Assemldy, witli the consent of Mr. 
Thomas H;impton, "minister of James Citty parrish,'' that the 
inhabitants of the east side of Archer's Hope Creek to the head 
thereof and down to Wareliam Ponds (about five miles down the 
liver) should constitute a distinct parish of themselves. 

We hear no more of the brick church till Bacon's Rebellion in 
1676. Then we learn that it was fired by a torch in the hand of 
Bacon. 

The church M'as repaired, presumably on the same walls, 
shortly after : for in the proceedings of the vestry of Bruton 
Parish, among other items concerning the Iniilding of the brick 
church at IMiddle Plantation (Williamsburg), it was ordered 
in 1678 that "y^ west door and chancell door be according to the 
dimensions of James City chur(h door, only to l)e one foot higher 
iind ^ a foot wider than thev are."" 



TiiK C'lUKcii. 79 

The la.-^t u'lvat comiccliiin of tlic cliui-cli at Jamestown with the 
public history of the State is wlien the clergy assembled, in 1690, 
at Jamesto\Mi. under the lead of James Blair, commissary, and 
digested the scheme for a college at Williamslnirg. 

The church contiuued, however, in active use for many years 
after this. In the time of Governor Dinwiddle, ITSl-lToS, a 
new brick church. call(Ml the I'piici- Cluu'ch. was erected on the 
Main farm, about three miles from Jamestown, near the road 
from Williamsburg to Chickahominy Ferry. 

Preaching \va> douhtless discontinued at Jamestown after this 
time. The church must have soon fallen into decay, and its 
l)ricks were ]u-()l)al)ly usi'd to construct other buildings on the 
island. 'J'he T(>"\\'er oi' steeple soon alone remained. The first pic- 
torial repi'csentation of this tower appeared in 1805 in a maga- 
zine edited at Kichmond by Louis H.tTirardin, formerly professor 
of ^Modern J^anguages, History and Geography in William and 
^lai-y College, and later a teacher in a female seminary in Eich- 
jnond. This magazine, alike ])retentious in title and form, died 
with its first number. It was in quarto, with six fine plates col- 
ored, among them the Jamestown tower. The engravings were 
by Frederick Bosler. and tlie title of the publication was Amoeiii- 
tates GrapJiicae. with other descri})tive words. ]\Ir. E. A. Brocks 
of Eichmond. has a co])y of this rare work. 

On October "-j;. ls.~)(j. Jamestown was visited Ijy Bishop Wil- 
liam Meade, Eev. Dr. Silas Totten, of William and ^Eary. ]Mr. 
Eichard Eandolph (called the Antiquarian), and Colonel Good- 
rich Durfey. a former ])i'0])rietor of the place. The foundations 
of the church were then marked by bricks, which, in part, still 
remain. On accurate measurement the foundation was ascer- 
tained to be fifty-six by twenty-eight feet. The ruined tower was 
judged to Ix' al)out thirty i'vvX liigli, and l)y measurement jjroved 
to be eighteen feet square. 

A few renuirks may I)e added regarding the ruins of the 
old chui'ch-yai'd. It is said to have contained half an acre 
of land. According to a grant of land in Ki'.X). the high- 
way passed Ijy the northeast corner, and the church-yard was 
then surrounded by ''rails."" wliich ran "north 8T degrees west- 
erly,"" or nearly west. A brick wall aj)|X'ars to have been raised 
at a later date, which, in tin- time of John Anilder and William 
Lee, Mas in part jiulled down, and the bricks used to construct 



80 Till'; CiiADLi'; of 'i'iik Uicitblic. 

the small enclosure now standing aronud the remaining tomb- 
stones. Thc' enclosure is said by Bishop ]\reade to cover al)out 
one-third of the original area, and takes in a part of the spot on 
which the church stood. 

Ai]iong the objects which attracted attention in ISOT, during 
the Jubilee of that year, was a young sycamore tree, whose trunk 
had become fastened between the massive tombstones of Dr. 
James Blair and his wife, 8arah Blair, and tended incessantly to 
propel them from their centres. Tlu' sycamore, now grown into 
a large tree, shattered botli tombstones, and carried some ten 
feet from the ground a fi'agment of tlie monument of Mrs. Blair, 
imbedded partially in its trunk. A\'bcii in 18!).") tlie tombstones 
in the churdiyard were tem})orarily reniovt'd for the puri)ose of 
cleaning the yard, this juece of marble was uufortimately released 
fi'oin the i'nd)race of the tree, wbicb has since jjrocccdcd to close 
the cavity. 

Here, then, is authentic evidence of one tree, at least, in Vir- 
ginia which is u])wards of one hundred years old. 

The cburdi-yard once contained a great many to]nbst(mes. but 
the relic hunters, and others not so sentimentally inclined, have 
carried off the greater part : and most of those which remain are 
in fragments. But not alone is the graveyard the burial-place of 
the first settlers. The whole island is a graveyard. Skeletons 
have been found at many places, and especially along the shores. 
We have seen that the first churches were in the fort, which was 
higher \\\) the island. So the first gravt'yard was probably in that 
quarter. At the east end of the island, in a clump of trees, is the 
pri\ate burial-])lace of the Travis familv, in which some tomb- 
stones may still lie seen. 

During the war of 1861-'(35, the soil near the brick tower was 
tlirown into fortifications, and pieces of armor, sword hilts, cal- 
thorps. gold, silver and co])|)rr coin were found. 

FURXITFRK AND SERVICE AT JaMESTOWX ClIUIM'll. 

Some of the sacred vessels of Jamestown are still preserved. 

There are two massive silver pieces: a silver chalice and paten, 
with an inscri]ition on each ; then a silver plate, being part of 
a communion service; then a sihcr alms-basin or plate: and. 



2 ( 




82 The Cradle of the Eepublic. 

lastly, a silver vase, or font, for baptism. As to the first two of 
these — the silver chalice and paten — they are now in possession 
of Bruton Church, in Williamsburg. Each of the two vessels 
bears the inscription, "Mixe not lioly things ivith profane/' and 
about the rim at the bottom is "Ex do no Francisci Moryson, 
Armigeri. Anno Domi 1661." Francis Morrison, or Moryson, 
was at the time acting governor of the colony. The maker of this 
service, whose mark was "T. W." was also the maker of a cele- 
brated cup owned by the Blacksmith's Company, London, 1655, 
and subsequently purchased at a sale for three hundred and 
seventy-eight pounds. 

As to the third piece, the' silver alms-basin, it is now at the 
Union Theological Seminary, in Alexandria. It has a Latin 
inscrijition which shows that it was given in 1694 "for the use of 
Jamestown Church" by Sir Kdmund Andros, Knight, Governor 
of the colony. 

Finally, the fourth article, which is now in the possession of 
the Monumental (*hurch in Kichmond, the vase for baptism, was 
presented to the Jamestown Church in 1733 by Martha Jaque- 
lin, widow of Edward Jaquelin, and their son Edward. 

It may not be out of place to add, in this connection, that the 
stone font of the "Church on the Main" is preserved, with other 
relics, in the old powder magazine in Williamsburg. 



Tombstones. 
In the Yard of the Church. 

[Fragment ot Lady Prances Berkeley's tombstone, now at Meadmi'ville, on James 
River. It wiU be remembered that she always called herself Lady Berkeley, even 
after she married again.] 

yeth the Bod 

LADY FRANC 

KLEY 



[Fragment of the tombstone of Philip Ludwell, Esq., the Inscription being jiartlally 
upplied from the Richmond Dispatch for May 15, 1857.] 

Here lies interred the body of PHILIP LUDWELL wlio died 
the 11th of January 1720 in the 54th year of his age "some- 
time auditor of his Majesty's revenue and twenty-five years 
member of tlie Council." 



The Chukcii. 83 

[The fragments of Commissary Blair's tombstone are scattered through the church 
yard. They were deciphered as follows by the late Hugh Blair Grigsby.] 

H. S. E. (Hie sepiiltus est) 

Viv Reverendiis et Honorahilis 

JACOP.US BLATE. A. M. 

gui 

In Scotia natus 

In Acadeniia Edinbiirgensi nntritus, 

Primo Angliam deinde Viiginiam 

Venit : 

Qua Parte Tenaiiim 

Annos LVIII. Evangelii Preconis 

LLV. Commissarii 

Gulielmi et jMariae praesidis, 

e Britanniae Principum 

Consilarii 

Concillii Praesidis 

Coloniae Prefecti 

munera sustinuit: 

ornavit 

um oris venusti Uecus, 

ate liilari sine i '! \ hospilali 

munificent 

issimo egenis largo, 

omnibus eorni 

superavit, 

Collegio bene deviorani 

Fundaverat 

ens Bililiotlie eani snani 

id aleudum Tlieologiae studiosum 

juventutum pauperioriim instituendam 

Testamento legavit 

Cal. Maii in die 

MDCCXLIII 

aetat: LXXXVIII. 

am desideratissimi 

Seuis Laudem 

is nepotibus eommendabunt 

pene niarmore ]iereiHiiora. 



[Fragment of the tombstone of Sarah Blair, the wife of the Commissary.] 

AH 

Commissa 

of this Parish 

M HANNAH H 

1G70 ^Married June ye 2d 



84 The Cradle of the Republic. 

[A portion of Mrs. Blair's epitaph may be supplied from a clipping taken from the 

Cnnstellativn, September 17, 1835, giving an account of a visit to Jamestown, copied 

from the Norfolk Jlcacmi.] 

Memoriae Sacram 

Here lyes in the hope of a Blessed Resurrection 

ye Body of Mrs. SARAH BLAIR, wife of 

Mr. James Blair Commissary of Virginia 

Sometime Minister of this Parish. 

She was daughter of 

Col. Benjamin and ^Mrs Hannah Harrison of 

Surry. Born Aug. ye 14th 1670. Married 

June ye 2d 1687. 

died May ye 5, 1713 exceeding beloved and 

lamented. 

[Then follows a long Latin inscription partly concealed by the tree which clasps It.] 



Here Lyeth [the] 
Body of [the Rev.] 
JOHN CJ^OUGH [late Minister] 

of this Place Who [departed] 

This Life [January 15th 168%] 

And Waiteth [in hopes] 

A joyful Res[urrection] 



[H]ere Lyeth WILLIAM SHERWOO[D] 

That w^as Born in the parish 

of White Chappell near 

London. A Great sinner 

Waiting for a joyfull 

Resurrection 



Under this Stone lies interred 

The Body of 

Mrs. HANNAH LUDWELL 

Relict of 
The Hon. Philip Ludwell Esq 

By Whom She has left 

One Son and Two Daughters 

After a most Exemplary Life 

Spent m chearful Innocence 

And The continual Exercise of 

Piety Charity and Hospitality 

She Patiently Submitted 

Death on the 4th Day of April 1731 in the 52<i 

Year of Her Age. 



The Church. 85 

Here lycth the Body of 

MAUY the VVite of John 

Knight who departed 

this life Febr lim 1732-3 in 

the 59tii Year of her Age 

Waiting for a joyfnl resurrection 



[Tombstone of Ursula Beverley, now missing,] 
Here lyeth inter'd the body of URSULA BEVERLEY, late 
wife of Robert BoA'erley, and daughter of ye very Honorable 
Wra Byrd, who departed this Life the lltii day of October 
1698, being much lamented by all that knew her, aged 16 
years 11 months and 2 dayes. 



[Tombstone of Mrs. Edwards, now missing.] 
* * Interred the body of , wife of William Ed- 
wards City, Gent, and daughter of Har- 
rison of ye sixth day of January 14tl» 

day seventeenth year dayes. 



[Remains of a stone.] 
waiting second edition of the first. 



[Tombstone of John A:nbler, Esq., now missing.] 

JOHN AMBLER Esquire, Barrister at Law 

Representative in the Assembly for 

Jamestown and Collector of the District 

of York River in this Province. 

He was born the 31st of December 1735, and died at Bar- 

badoes 27tii of May 1766. 

In the relative and social duties — as a son, and a brother 
and a friend — few equalled him, and none excelled him. 
He was early distinguished by his love of letters, which he 
improved at Cambridge and the Temple, and well knew how 
to adorn a manly sense with all the elegance of language. 
To an extensive knowledge of men and things he joined 
the noblest sentiments of liberty, and in his own example 
held up to the world the most striking picture of the 
amiableness of relia'ion. 



Tombstone of Hon. William Lee (now missing) of "Greenspring who 
died June 27, 1795 Aged fifty-eight Years." 



86 Tpie Ceadle op the Eepublic. 

Tombstones in the Burial Ground of the Travis Faniily. 

Here lyetli the Body of EDWARD TRAVIS 
who departed this life the 12th day of 
November in the year of our Lord 1700 



[^kull and cross hones.] 

Here lyeth in the hope of A glorious Resurrection 

the body of JOHN CHAMPION who was borne 

tlie 10th day of November in tlie yeare of our 

Lord IGGO and departed this life the 16th 

day of December in the year of our Lord 

1700. 

And likewise JOHN CHAMPION the son of John 

Champion who was borne the 11th day of Deer 

in the yeare of our Lord 1695 and departed 

this life the 11th day of September in the yeare 

of our Lord 1700. 



SUSANNA TRAVIS wife of 

Edward Champion Travis and 

Daughter of John Hutchings 

of the Borouo-h of Norfolk IMercht 

and Amy his Wife who Departed 

this life October the 28th: 1761 in the 

33rd Year of her Age much Lamented 

by all her Acquaintance 

And leaving Issue three Sons and 

one Daughter. 

Nigh this Place are also Interred 

The Eollowmg Children of the said 

Edward Travis and Susannah his Avife 

ELIZABETH who was born August 

24th 1748 and Died September 22d 1749 

AMY who was born October 9th 1752 

and Died October 2nd 1755 

JOHN who was born December 9th 1755 

and Died November 25th 1759. 



Tombstone at Greenspring. 

Here lyeth ye body of ELIZ. DRUMMOND 

who departed this Life ye 2<i day of 
June Anno Dmi 1699 Aetatis (suae) 28. 



The Ciinicii. 87 



MiXISTERS. 

Rev. Robert Hunt was the first minister of Jaiuostown 
Cliureh. He was rccoiniiieiuled to President Edward-^Iaria 
Wingiield b}' his Grace, Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of Can- 
terbury. He was ]irobably the Rev. Robert Hunt. A. M., who was 
appointed to the vicarage of Recidver, Kent, January 18, 1594, 
and resigned in IfiO^. His sabiry was about fifty pounds a year. 
He lost his library by fire at Jamestown, January T, 1G08. All 
l)arties unite in praise of liiiii. He died in \'irginia, but it is 
not kno^\m in what year. He is thought to have performed the 
marriage ceremony for John I.aydon, a carpenter, and Anne 
Burras, the maid of ]\rrs. Forrest — which was the first English 
marriage in America. He certainly died before October, 1609. 

Rev. Richard Buck came to Virginia with Sir Thonuis Gates. 
He is said to have been a graduate of Oxford University. While 
in the Bermudas he baptized John Rolfe's infant daughter, Ber- 
muda, by his first wife. The child soon died. He reached James- 
town with Gates, AFay 21, 1(510, where on landing he held services 
in the church, and made "a zealous and sorrowful prayer"' over 
the spectacle of death and starvation which the fort presented. 
On the arrival of Lord Delaware he divided with the minister 
whom the latter Ijrought over the duties of the church at 
Jamesto^m, "the two preachers taking their turns weekly." He 
united in marriage John Rolfe and Pocahontas about the 15th of 
April, 1614. He is mentioned as "a verie good preacher." He 
acted as the chaplain of the first General Assembly that ever met 
in Virginia. His opening prayer was that it would please God 
"to giuird and sanctific all our proceedings to his own glory and 
the good of this plantation." 

He purchased on December 18, 1620, from William Fairfax, 
"yeoman and ancient planter, who had remained 8 years in the 
country, and Margery his wife, an old planter also that came 
into the conntry, married to said Fairfax,"' twelve acres of land, 
a mile from Jamestown, in the eastern part of the island, on 
which were "a dwelling house and another little house." 

He patented also seven linndred and fifty acres, and had a glebe 
of one hundred acres. The (Jlel)e land is still known as such. 



88 TiFK Cradle of the Kepublic. 

and is situated across from the east end of the island adjoining 
Archer s Hope.^ 

His widow, Bridget, married, secondly, Jolni Burrows, and 
thirdly, John Bromfield. He had five children (1) Marah, who 
appears to have been the second wife of Richard Adkins; (2) 
Gershon, who in 1G36 left '^"'500 acres iipon a creek, between the 
Glebe land and adjoining the land of the orphants and heires of 
Mr. Eichard Buck/' to his brother — (3) Peleg; (4) Benoni, 
"the first idiot born in Virginia,'' and (5) Elizabeth, who mar- 
ried Lieutenant Thomas Crump, of Xeck of Land, who in 1636 
sold land to Gershon Buck, of Jamestown Island. 

Eev. Hawte Wyatt came to Virginia with his excellent brother, 
Governor Sir Francis Wyatt, in October, 1621, and was minister 
of Jamestown till after 1(525, when he probably returned to 
England Avith his l^rother on the death of their father, George 
Wyatt, Esq. He Avas of the illustrious family of the Wyatts of 
Boxley, in Kent county, England, and was grandson of Sir 
Thomas Wyatt, the younger, who was beheaded for attempting to 
raise a rebellion against Bloody Queen Mary. Another of his 
ancestors, Sir Henry Wyatt, received from Henry VII. the high- 
est honors of the kingdom — was privy councillor, etc. His 
pictu]-e was always taken with a cat beside him, because when 
confined by Eichard III. in a cold and narrow iower, where he 
had neither food to eat nor fire to keep him warm, a cat brought 
him regularly every day a pigeon for his dinner, and kept the 
warmth in bis body by permitting Sir Henry to fondle and caress 
her. 

Eev. HaAvi:c Wyatt, after leaving Virginia, was inducted rector 
of Boxle}^, in Kent, October 3, 1632, and died there July 31, 
1638. Pie was twice married, and two of his sons, Edward and 
George, settled at Middle Plantation, in \"irginia. The Wyatt 
monumental tablet in the church at Boxley states that "Hawte 
Wyatt left issue living in Virginia." 

' Tlieie is a grant 20 July, 1046, confirming to Lucy, Judith and Jane 
Webster, daughters and heirs of Eoger Webster, Archer's Hope, bounded 
north upon Archer's Hope Creek, south upon the INIain River, west upon 
the Glebe land, and east upon Fo^^'ler's Neck; which said tract was 
granted in l(il9 to William 8])ence and .John ffowler, and assigned by 
Thomas and Sarah Brice to Eoaer Wel)ster. 



The Church. 89 

Rev. Francis Bolton also came with Governor Wyatt in 1621. 
He was minister first at Elizabeth City, but in 1623 he was min- 
ister of the plantation on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake 
Bay. After Wyatt he a])pears to have been the minister at James- 
town, and \\'as witness there to the will of Thomas Warnett, a 
leading- mercbant of .Jamesto^\^l. in February, 1629-*30. 

Eev. Thomas Hampton was the next minister, as far as the 
writer knows. He was probal)ly the Thomas Hampton entered 
among the Oxford matriculates, as son of William of Reigate 
Surry, saccrd. He matriculated at New College lltli of March, 
1624-'25, aged sixteen ; B. A. from Corpus Christi College 30th 
of January, 1626-*27. His father was Vicar of Reigate in 1599, 
and he, Rev. Thomas, was brother of Rev. William Hampton, 
who, at the age of seventy-seven, died in 1677, while rector of 
Bletchingly, in Surry. Rev. Thomas Hampton came to Virginia 
before 1636, in which year he secured several grants for land in 
the Upper county of New Norfolk (afterwards Nansemond 
county). In 1640, he received from the General Court an order 
for one hundred acres in addition to the one hundred acres of 
glebe belonging to the rectory of James City Parish. On Novem- 
ber 4, 1639, he received a grant, pursuant to an act for building 
James City, dated February 20, 1636-'37, of a ridge of land 
between two swamps behind the church, running in length 
east and westerly eighty-two poles, and in breadth northerly and 
southerly thirty-six paces (five feet to every pace). Another 
patent, June 12, 1644, gave him eight acres on a ridge behind the 
church, extending from the easternmost bounds westerly one 
hundred and twelve paces (five feet to a pace), and running the 
same breadth northerly to Back River. 

An order of York Court does not show ]\Ir. Hampton in a very 
enviable light : 

Whereas it appears to the court that ''Mr. Thomas Hampton 
clerk obteyiied the guardianship of the orphants of John Powell late of 
yis county dec and hath i^ossesst himselfe with yere estates & hath also 
removed one of ye s^ orphants with most of ye sd estate out of yis 
county and left behind ye other orphan by name Wm Powell without 
necessary %"*von, to say even starke naked whereupon ye court ujion ye 
pet of ye s<J Wm Powell doth order yat Thomas Harwood shall have into 
his keeping Wm Powell orphan," &c. York Court, Nov. 2G, 164G. 



90 The Cradle of 'jiie Eepublic. 

Tliis orcle]', liowovcr, must be taken with some grains of allow- 
ance, as the people of that clay, even the justices, were good 
haters, and never spared an}' person they disliked. There was no 
such thing as moderation in expression. 

]\rr. Hampton's tombstone was formerly to be seen at King's 
Creek, York county, according to which he died January 5, 
1647. 

Rev. Thomas Harrison came to \''irginia in 1643 as chaplain 
of Sir William Berkeley. When, on invitation of the Puritans 
of Xansemond county, the ministers, John Knowles, William 
Thompson and Thomas James, came from New England to 
Virginia, Harrison used his influence to have them silenced and 
banished from the colony. Soon after occurred the Indian mas- 
sacre of April 17, 1614. The Puritans heralded this as a judg- 
ment of God upon the country for its rejection of the godly 
ministers. Harrison became a changed inan. He turned Puritan 
himself. Berkeley dismissed him from Jamestown, and he 
crossed to Nansemond, where he was minister for a short time. 
After this the ISTansemond and the Lower JSTorfolk county Puri- 
tans, upon the invitation of Lord Baltimore, emigrated to jMary- 
land; and Harrison, in the fall of 1648, visited Boston, where lie 
married Dorothy Symonds, a cousin of Governor Winthrop. He 
then returned to England, and in 1649 olitained an order from 
the Council of State, directed to Governor Berkeley, to permit 
Harrison's return to Virginia. Harrison, however, did not 
return to America, but became chief chaplain of Henry Crom- 
well, Lord Ijieutenant of Ireland, and in Christ Church Catlie- 
dral, Dublin, he preached a sermon on the death of his father. 
Oliver Cromwell. 

Rev. Philip Mallory appears in the Virginia records as early as 
1656. He was probably in A'irginia much earlier than that. He 
was a son of Dr. Thomas Mallory, Dean of Chester. He matricu- 
lated at Corpus Christi College, 28th of May, 1634, aged seven- 
teen ; B. A.'from St. Mary's Hall, 26th of April, 1637; M. A., 
16th of January, 1639-'40; vicar of Norton, Durham, in 1641. 
His brother. Rev. Thomas IMallor}^, was ejected l3y the Parlia- 
mentary party from his living during the civil war, but was rein- 
stated canon of Chester in 1662 by King Charles II. Rev. Philip 
Mallory married Catherine, daughter of Robert Batte, vice- 



The CiiuiiCTr. 91 

master of Oxford rniversity. Ho removed with his wife's rela- 
tives, the Battes,' and settled in Virginia. 

He was a man of liigh character and exemplary piety, and stood 
at the head of the cliurch in Virginia. In 1656, he was anthor- 
ized by the General Assembly, in connection with ]\Ir. John 
Green, to examine into the competency of all ministers in the 
colony. He ofliciated at the two Assemblies, ]\Iarcli 1657-'58 and 
16.")8-'r)9, and had charge of the religions services when Charles 
II. was, with great rejoicing, proclaimed at Jamestown, Septem- 
ber 30, 1600. In :\rarch, 16G1, the Legislature testified that "Mr. 
Philip ]\rallory had been eminently faithful in the ministry, and 
very diligent in endeavoring the advancement of those means that 
might conduce to the advancement of religion in this country," 
and appointed him "to undertake the soliciting of our church 
affairs in England.'" Jn 166-1 he was minister of the church in 
Elizabeth City county.- In 1668, Eoger Mallory, who appears 
to have been his son, obtained a certificate for a grant of land 
from York Court "for the use of Mr. Philip Mallory." Eoger 
Mallory settled in King and Queen county, and had a son Wil- 
liam wlio was ancestor of the distinguished family of his name 

'These Battes, who have lit'cii muneiously represented in Virginia, 
were of Okewell, County York, England. (See Genealogist for October, 
1898, pages 86-88.) John Batte. brother of Mrs. Mallory. married her 
husband's sister, ilartha ]\Iallory, and was a royalist. He was fined 
i364, and is said to have been a captain at the battle of Adwalton. The 
pedigree says that two of his sons, Thomas and Henry, came to Virginia. 
(See Genealof/ist.) In April, 1G68, '"Thomas Batte and Henry Batte, 
sonnes of Mr. John Batte deced,"' obtained a patent for 5,878 acres, 2 
roods and 8 rods on Appomattox River for 118 "head-rights," or emi- 
grants; and among the names represented were John Batte, sen., John 
Batte, jun., William Batte, Thomas Batte, Henry Batte. Philip Mal- 
lory, Nathaniel Mallory. sen.. Nathaniel Mallory, jun., William Mal- 
lory, Thomas Mallory, Elizabeth ^Mallory, and Roger Mallory. So it 
seems from this that John Batte, the cavalier, and all his sons, John, 
William, Thomas and Henry, came to Virginia, as well as a whole host 
of INIallorys. Mrs. Mallory had also two uncles in Virginia, William 
and Henry Batte. 

^Bishop ^leade evidently confuses dates on paj es 230 and 231 of Vol. 
1. in his Old Churches, &c. Rev. Justinian Aylmer did not officiate 
from 164.5 to 1667, as he states on page 230, but from 166.5 to 1667, as he 
states on ])age 231 — having succeeded Rev. Philip Mallory as minister of 
Elizaljetli C'iiy parish. 



92 T]LE Cradle of the Kepublic. 

in Elizabeth City countj^, where his grandfather lived and had 
land. 

Eev. Morgan Godwin entered Oxford in IGGl, and received, 
on March 16, lG64-'65, the degree of A. B., and soon after came 
to Virginia. His father, Eev. Morgan Godwin, was Archdeacon 
of Shropshire, his grandfather, Bishop of Hereford, and his 
great-grandfather, Thomas Godwin, Bishop of Bath and Wells. 
He resided for a short time at Jamestown, and after visiting the 
West Indies, returned to England, where, in 1680, he published a 
dissertation against slavery, called The Negroes' and Indians' 
Advocate. Five years later he preached a sermon at Westminster 
Abbey against the evils of the slave-trade, thus preceding Wilber- 
force and Clarkson more than a century in their efforts along 
the same line. 

Eev. Justinian Aylmer was burn in 1635, and was probably 
the Justinian Aylmer who matriculated at Trinity College, Ox- 
ford, 23d of July, 1656, and became B. A. 21:th of October, 1657, 
and erroneously stated, as I believe, by Foster to have been rector 
of Ipswich in 1699.^ The pedigrees of Aylmer and Hone, and 
the connection of those families in A^irginia, render it reason- 
ably certain that he was a grandson of Theophilus Aylmer, 
Archdeacon of the Diocese of London.- In 1661, he appears to 
have been minister of Hampton Parish, York county, and there 
are some depositions about the Quakers of York county and Mr. 
Aylmer. From 1665 to 1667 he was minister of Elizabeth City 
Parish. He died at Jamestown as minister of that parish in 
1671, and there is this entry in the records of the General Court: 
2Vou. 23, 1071. 

Whereas at last court Capt Christoi)lier Worraeley as marrying the 
relict of Mr Aylmer deced late minister of James Citty obteyned 
Jiidgmt agt Major Hone and ]\Ir May as members of the vestry for six- 
teene pounds thirteen shillings foure pence due to the said Aylmer as 
officiating in his said ffunction. And whereas the said Hone and May 
sued Mr. Walter Chiles and Capt. ffra Kirkeman the prsent churchwar- 
dens, It is now ordered that the Majr Hone & Mr May be repaid the 
said sum of sixteene pounds' thirteen shillings foure pence by the said 
parish according to agreemt made wth the said jNIr Aylmer, according to 
an order of the said vestry with costs als exec. 

^Foster's Oxford Matriculates. 

"Visitation of Essex, p. 422: Visitation of London, p. 35; Virginia 
Magazine of History and Biograplnj, IV., p. 4, V., p. 420: WiUiani and 
Mary Quarterly, VI., p. 32. 



The Chukcii. 93 

The wife of Justinian Ayhiu'i- was Frances Armistead, who 
married (1) T.ientenant-Coloncl Anthony Elliott, (2) Rev. Jus- 
tinian Aylmer, (3) Colonel Christopher Wormeley. Major 
Beverley married Catherine, tlie widow of Major Theophilus 
Hone, and calls John Armistead "brother," which shows that 
Catherine Hone was probably'a sister of the above-named Frances 
and John Armistead. 

licv. .Idliii Clouoh was minister of Jamestown during Bacon's 
Rek'Hiiiii. lie was an active supporter of Sir William Berkeley, 
and ^\•as outlawed by Bacon. He was captured by Bacon, and 
condemned to death, hut pardoned. He was minister of South- 
wark Parish in Surry in ] 080, but returned after a short time to 
Jamestown Parish. His tombstone is still in the church-yard 
at Jamestown, and bears the following inscription: 

Here Lyeth [the] 

Body of [the Rev] 

JOHN CLOUGH ^ [late Minister] 

Of this Phice who [departed] 

This Life January 15th 168^ 

And waiteth [in hopes of] 

A Joyfull Res[urreetion] 

Powlaiul Jones, in 1C80, appears as minister for Jamestown, 
as well as for Bruton and j\Iartin"s Hundred Parishes. He 
was the son of Rev. Rowland Jones, vicar of Wendover, in Buck- 
inghamshire. He was born in 1G40 at Swinbrook, in County Ox- 
ford, England, and was an alumnus of Merton College, Oxford 
University. He was minister of the church at Middle Plantation 
(Williamsburg), and died tliere April 23, 1688, after fourteen 
years of service in Bruton Parish. His tombstone in Bruton 
Church-yard, Williamsburg, describes him as "pastor 'primus et 
dilectissinius:" Pie has numerous representatives in Virginia. 
He was ancestor of Martha Dandridge, wife of General George 
Washington. 

Rev. John Clayton. There are several John Claytons among 
the Oxford matriculates who might be taken for this man. He 
came to Virginia in lG8-i, and remained two years. In May, 
168S, he was rector of Crofton at Wakefield, in Yorkshire. He 

' Tills name has been often deciphered from the worn tombstone as 
GoiKjh, but CloiKjh is right. 



94 The Cradle oe the Eepublic. 

was a jncmbor of the Koyal Society, and was a great admirer of 
Hon. Eobert Boyle, the philosopher and naturalist, to whom he 
wrote, on his arrival at Jamestown, June 23, 168-i, describing a 
remarkable instance of animal electricity and the fly called the 
"fire-fly" (Boyle's WurliS, V., p. G-iG). He wrote after his return 
to England several letters about Virginia, which were published 
in the Transactions of the Eo^-al Society (Force's Tracts, Vol. 
III.). He was very fond of scientific studies, but his reflections 
on Virginia, though very excellent, might have been made more 
valuable but for his loss on the way thither of all his scientific 
aj^paratus — "books, chymicall instruments, glasses, and micro- 
scopes." As it is, we are under great obligations to him for his 
description of Jamestown Island, and of the soil, animals, and 
inhabitants of Virginia. In 1705, arrived in Virginia John 
Clayton, son of Sir John Clayton. He became x\ttorney- General, 
Judge of the Admiralty, and died, aged seventy-two, in 1737. 
He -w'as father of John Clayton, a celebrated botanist, v/ho wrote 
Flora Virginica, and had a botanical garden at Windsor, his 
home, in Gloucester county, Va. He left numerous descendants 
in A'irginia, and was probably a relative of Eev. John Clayton, 
the minister of Jamestown. 

Eev. James Blair, D. D., became minister of Jamestown in 
1694. He was a master of arts of the University of Edinburgh 
in l(i73, and came to Virginia in IGSo. He was minister of the 
churches in Henrico, and lived at Varina, on James Eiver, till 
his removal in 1694 to Jamestown. His eminent abilities secured 
for him the office of commissary to the Bishop of London in 1689. 
Inspired by his residence near the site of the old settlements at 
Henrico, where the people had once proposed to build a college, 
he set about to revive this great undertaking. He appealed to the 
clergy and the public authorities, and in 1692 he was sent by the 
General Assembly to England as their agent to solicit a charter 
and money for the enterj)rise. Having proved successful, and 
having been elected president of the College, he determined to 
accept a call to Jamestown, so as to be nearer to the College. He 
was also made a member of the Council, and thus his influence 
was felt in college, church and state. On Sunday. April 25, 1703, 
Eev. George Keith entered the following in his journal: "I 
jn-eached at Jamesto-wn on John i. 3, at the reipiest of Eeverend 



The Church. 



95 




Wll.l.lAM AND MARY COLLEGE, 
[As it appeared during tke Presidency of Dr. James Blair.'\ 



Wv. Blair, minister tliero, and commissary, who very kindly and 
hospitably entertained us at his house." 

]ii the year 1710, Dr. Blair accepted the rectorship of Bruton 
Church, in Williamsburg, in order to be still nearer the College, 
of which he was president. He married Sarah Harrison, daugh- 
ter of Colonel Benjamin Harrison, of Surry. He died April 18, 
1743. He was buried at Jamestown, where fragments of the 
tombstones of himself and wife still remain. 

As President of the Conncil, Dr. Blair acted as chief executive, 
in the absence of Sir William (looch on the Carthagena expe- 
dition, from June, 1740, to July, 1741. He was always found 
battling for morality and the right, though somewhat dictatorial 
and not always cliaritable in his opinion of others. He left no 
children ; but his brother. Dr. Archibald Blair, is numerously 
represented in Virginia and in the South. 

John Warden, a Scotch clergyman, served six months as min- 
ister at Jamestown, after his arrival in Virginia in 1712. 

Kev. Peter Fontaine was minister at Jamestown for six months 
after his arrival in Virginia in 1716. He was son of Rev. James 
Fontaine, a French Huguenot, descendant of the noble family of 
the Fontaines of ^faine, in France. Eev. Peter left Jamestown 
for Westover Parish, in Charles City county, where he was the 



96 The Cradle of the Eepublic. 

friend of the eminent Colonel William Byrd, of Westover. In 
1728-'29 he was the chaplain to the Virginia Commission wliieh 
ran the boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina, the 
history of which was so graphically and entertainingly written 
by Colonel Byrd. He died in Jnly, 1757, and he has many de- 
scendants in the male and female lines. 

Eev. Hugh Jones, the distinguished professor of Mathematics 
in the College of William and Mary, preached at Jamestown in 
1719. He was an Englishman of university training, who came 
first to Maryland in 1696, and became the incumbent of Christ 
Church Parish, in Calvert county. He sent home an account of 
the Province of Maryland, which was published in the Transac- 
tions of the Koyal Society. Upon the recommendation of the 
Bishop of London he was appointed to the chair of Mathematics 
in the College of William and Mary. While resident there he 
served as chaplain of the General Assembly, and as lecturer in 
Bruton Church. He also preached at Jamestown. He left the 
province for England in 1722, and in 1721 he brought out in 
London his exceedingly valuable book on The Present State of 
Virginia, written in a very sprightly and suggestive style. Ee- 
turning to America after a long absence in England, the Eev. 
Hugh Jones resumed parochial work in Virginia, but he finally 
returned to Maryland, where he built up various parishes, notably 
William and Mary Pai'ish and Sassafras Parish in Cecil county. 
He persuaded the people to build brick churches instead of cheap 
wooden structures. Thus invigorating society wherever he went, 
he continued pastoral work until he was nearly ninety years old. 
He died in 1760 at the age of ninety-one, having been in the 
ministry sixty-five years. 

Eev. William Le Neve arrived in Virginia from England on 
St. Matthew's Day, 1722. He took charge of the church at 
Jamestown October 5, 1722, where he preached two Sundays in 
three Every third Sunday he preached at Mulberry Island 
Church, and in the afternoon he officiated as lecturer at Wil- 
liamsburg. He described his living at Jamestown as worth per 
year about sixty pounds sterling; at Mulberry Island thirty 
pounds sterling, and his lecture at Williamsburg twenty pounds 
sterling. His congregation at James City Church consisted 
of about one hundred and thirty persons, that at Mulberry 



Tin-: Ciiiiu'ir. 97 

Island of aliout two liuiulrccl. mid at llic Icctui'c at Williaiuslmrg 
he generally liad abovi' one luiiidred persons in attendance. He 
let the glebe by the yeai'. and Jnnios City Parish gave him about 
seven pounds sterling per annum for furnishing his own house 
and keeping it in repair. He stated that his parish of James 
City was about twenty miles long and twelve miles broad, and 
there were in it seventy-eight families. The church was decently 
and ordci-ly provided with cluiix-li service. JIow long Mr. Le 
Xeve served is not known. l)ut he was living at the James City 
Glebe in IToT, when he puiilishcd an advertisement in the Gx- 
zettfi for a manager. 

Eev. William Preston represented James City Parish in the 
convention of the clergy in 1755. He was son of Rev. William 
Preston, of Brougham. Westmoreland county, England, and pro- 
fessor of iloral Philoso]ihy in William and Mary College. He 
was a master of arts of (Queen's College, Oxford Universit}', and 
a great scholar. In 1757, he resigned his chair at the College be- 
cause of the complaint of the College authorities that "contrary 
to all rule of seats of learning he had married ^ and kept his wife, 
children and servants in College, which occasioned much confu- 
sion and distui'bance."" Neither was he as abstemious from 
liquors as his calling i-equired. .Vfter his return to England he 
was rector of Ormside. He died in K78. aged fifty. His son, 
William Stephenson Preston, becauu:' rector of Warcop, in 
County Westmoreland. England, and this position was held by 
])is great-grandson. Rev. Charles ^fayes Preston, in 1894. 

Rev. ]\fr. Berkeley was minister of James City Parish in 1758. 

Rev. John Hyde Saunders, forn.ierly a student of William and 
^fary College, from which he was expelled in K63 for an infrac- 
tion of the College rules, was minister of James City Parish in 
177*-^. In 177o. he was elected minister of St. James. Xortham, 
in Cnmlicrl.nid county, where he continued for many years. He 
was a great patriot during the Revolution, and in 1775 was a 
member of the County Committee for Cumberland. 

Rev. William Bland was rector of the parish in 1774. He was 
a mendier of a family long distinguished in Virginia, ever since 
the arrival of the emigrant. Theodoric Bland, of Westover. in 
Chai-lcs City. ^Ir. Bhmd married Elizaljcth. daughter of Presi- 

' He iiiairicd Mai v 'I'\ler. "it^at aunt of President Jolin Tvler. 



98 The Ckadle of the Republic. 

di'iit A\'illi;iiii Yates, of William and j\Iarv Colk'gc, and she was 
buried at the I'pjier L'hureh. in James City Parish, which was 
afterwards iienerally kno^\•n as the "Church on the Main," or 
"Main Chnrch." 

31 r. Bland Mas a warm supporter of the Revolution, which 
brought him into notice. He afterwards served as minister in 
Norfolk, al)out I'iiU. From him is descended General Roger 
A. Prvor. formerly of A'irginia. iiow of New York. 

Rev. James ^Madison, D. i).. ju'eached at the "'^lain Church," 
during most of his ministry. He was a cousin of James Madison, 
the eminent President of the Qnited States. Like his distin- 
guished relative, he was a man of consummate abilitv, and as first 
Bisiiop of the Episcopal Claii-ch, President of the C*ollege, and 
professor of Natural JMiiloso[)liy and Mathematics, and after- 
wards of Political Economy and International Law, he was 
necessarily a man of influence. He was an ardent patriot of the 
American Revolution, and of an original and tireless genius. 
The story is tohl of him that in his sermons and prayers he would 
never speak of hea\-en a^ a kingdom, but as that "great republic, 
where there 'was no dislinction of class, and where all men were 
free and equal." 

He was l)orn .Viigust 27, 1749, Avas educated at the College, and 
died March 6, 1812. He lies buried in the College chapel. 

Long before his deatli. the congregation at the Main had almost 
dwindled away. Tbcre were.' two reasons for this. Population 
had withdrawn from the rivers, and the old plantations situated 
thereon had fallen into the bands of a few rich lu'oiirietors like 
the Amblers of Janu'stown. Tln'ii. ]nost ol' the people had 
abandoned the Ji]pisco]>al faith, and become members of the 
Baptist and Methodist denominations. The little remnant of 
Episcopalians soon ceased to meet at all. The church on the 
island had long before fallen into ruins, and gradually the ]\[ain 
Church fell into ruins also. Now scarcely is there enough brick 
left to tell the site of the building, which often echoed the voice 
of one of the best and purest of men — James Madison, the hon- 
ored President of William and Alary College. 



VII. 
BLOCK-HOUSES. 

IX early Anici'icaii history llio block-house was universally 
used as a iiK'ans of defence against the Indians. It was a 
structure nuulc of heavy logs, having its sides loop-holed for 
musketry. 

The first l)h)(k-liimst' at Jamestown was erected in the spring 
of IGOO. Ti was huilt at the beginning of the neck connecting 
the island with the mainland, ajid was kept by a garrison, who 
prevented all ingress or egress, without the president's order. 
Xear the block-house in 1039 was a brick-kiln, and "near the 
brick-kiln Alcxandi'r Stomar, brickmaker,'* patented an acre of 
land. It lay on the neck, and was ""^4 perches in length, and 7^ 
in breadth, and was bounded on the west hy James Eiver, on the 
north side by a little swamp, on the east by Back River, and on the 
south side stood two persinnnon trees.'" The breadth must have 
been the width of the neck at the island side, i. e., 116^ feet. 

The elevated ground in this locality is referred to in 169-f in a 
]iaient to \\'i]liani Sherwood as Block-house Hill. 

When Sir Thomas (lates arrived in May, IGIO, during the 
horrors of the "Starving Time,"' he found the Indians as fast 
killing without the fort as the famine and pestilence within. 
''Oidy the block-house (somewhat regarded) was the safetie of 
the i-emainder that lived; which yet could not have preserved 
them now many dayes longer from the watching, subtile and 
offended Indians who (it is most certain) knew all this theire 
weakness, and forbare too tinudy to assault the forte, or hazard 
themselves in a fruitless warr on such whome they were assured 
in short time would of themselves p(>risli, and being provoked, 
their desperate condition myght di-aw forth to a valiaunt defence, 
yet were the}^ so ready and prepared, that snch whome they found 
of our men stragled single beyond the bounds, at any time, of 

LofC. 



100 



Tjie Cradle of the Eepublic, 



the Bl(jek-liouse, they wouhl fiercely charge (for all their pieces) 
as they did 2 of our people not many dayes before Sir Thomas 
Gates was coine in, and 2 likewi,se they killed after his arrival 
fonr or five dayes." 

When Sir Tliomas Dale arrived, on the 19th of Ma}^, 1611, be- 
sides other works undertaken by him Avas a second block-honse, 
^*on the north side of our Back Eiver, to prevent the Indians 
from killing onr cattle." The description here should Ije taken 
to mean "on the Back River, on the north side of the island." 









A BLOCK-HOUSE. 
Wlnsor'' s Narrati^jc and Critical History of Aiiicrica.\ 



A block-house on the northern side of the Back Eiver would 
have been too exj^osed and remote. Nobody was living in that 
cjuarter then. 

So Ealpli Hamor, writing in 1615, spoke of two block-houses 
within the island, "'to observe and watch lest the Indians, at any 
time, should swim over the Back Eiver and come into the island." 

A patent to Tliomas Sully, of the IScck of Land, yeoman, 
i\.ugust 14, 1691, described his lot of six acres as "butting east- 
ward upon a piece of ground called the block-house field, cleared 
in the time of the government of Sir Thomas Gates, westward, 



Bij^cK-lIorsEs. 101 

extendino- to the patli Icadiiiu' to I he new bloek-liousc lately- built, 
nortlnvard and upon a great marsJi of the Back Eiver and sontli- 
Avard unto the marks there ajipointed, close to the highway of 
the swami").'" 

Before 1G2-1, a third block-house was erected. It was standing 
in 1644, since in that year Richard Brooks obtained a grant for 
one acre in .lames City, "'neare the Block-house, bonnded west 
upon the ri\'er, east npon the marsh, north upon the block-honse 
land, and south npon the land of Edward Challis." In the same 
year Challis patented an acre "west npon the river, east upon 
the marsh, north npon the block-honse land and south towards 
the land of Hadulph Spraggins." Spraggins had an acre "north 
to\\ards the way leading to the ]\Iain, west upon the river and east 
towards the land of Mr. Hampton." These bounds locate the 
third block-house, beyond cpiestion, as near the isthmus, or con- 
necting neck of the island. 



VIII. 

GLASS-HOUSE. 

rriHE Second Supply reached Jamestown in October, 1608^ and 
1 brought eight Dutchmen and Poles to teach the colonists 
how to make glass, tar, pitch and soap ashes. They were ''skillful 
workmen from foreign parts." Soon after a house for the manu- 
facture of glass was erected in the woods on the other side of the 
isthmus, or neck, about a half a mile from Jamestown. 

jS^ear the glass-house, in February, 1G09, Captain John Smith, 
then President, had a hand to hand fight with Wochinchopunck, 
the chief of the Paspaheghs. He had gone to the glass-house 
to apprehend one of the Dutchmen, who, sent to Powhatan to 
build him a liouse. had employed much of his time in training 
the Indians to use firearms. Et'turning from the glass-house 
alone. Smith encountered the Indian chief by the way, probably 
on the isthmus. The Indian, seeing that Smith had only his 
sword, tried to shoot liiiii. but Smith prevented the attempt l)y 
grap])ling with him at once. The Indian dragged Smith into the 
water to drown him, but the President got such a hold on his 
throat that lie nearly strangled liim to death. Smith finally 
drew his sword to cut off the Indian's head, but Wochinchopunck 
begged so piteously for his life that Smith relented, and took him 
l^risoner to Jamestown, whence he shortly after escaped. After 
that he continued his devilish practices. He and his warriors 
would lie in wait near the glass-house and cut off such of the 
whites as ventured too far. He was one of the "mightiest and 
strongest salvages," that Powhatan had under him. 

At length, on the 9th of February, 1610, during the "Starving 
Time," C'aptain George Percy, Acting-Governor of Virginia, sent 
forth Ensign Powell and Ensign Waller to surprise liiiii. and 
bring him, if possible, alive to town; but finding that they could 
not do this. Ensign Powell rushed upon liim, and "tlirust him 
throngli witli an arming sword." The savages, "witli a mighty 



Glass-house. 103 

ijlliclcilcss and speed of foot," I'eeoxcred the wei'i)\v;llice"s l)<)dy, 
and carried it otV with a hori'ihh' yelliiii;' and h(t\vlin,u'. But Lieu- 
tenant Puttock. of the l)h)ek-h()use. I'ol lowed hai'd uijon tlieiii, 
and elosiiii;' with one of liis "eronoekoes,"" or chief inen, thivu' 
hin\ down, and. with his (higger, sent him to accompany his niaS' 
ter in the other woi hh 

Al'ter this time i)otliiii,i;" nioi-e is lieard of tlie j^dass-house till 
IG'^1. In that year the Loudon Company contracted with ('a]> 
tain William Xorton to i-'o over to Virginia, and to carry with 
him foiii' Italians and two servants, with their wives and children. 
I'pon his arrival in \'irginia he was to set up a glass furnace, 
and make all manner of glass, a half part of which, including all 
the heads made for trade with the Indians, should l)e the exclusive 
property of the company. He was to have the t'xclusive benefits 
of glass-making in the colonv for seven years under the terms 
of his contract, and he was expected to superintend the work 
and instruct apprentices in the art of glass-making. Captain 
Norton with his men arrived in the colony soon after. Imt Xorton 
dying in 1(523, George Sandys, the treasurer of the colony, was 
placed in control of the work. In February, 1()24, there were 
five of these glass men at the glass-house near Jamestown. 

Sandys met with disa])pointnient in his work, because of the 
difficulty of finding the proper kind of sand. On one occasion he 
sent his shallop to the falls for a supply, but not finding there the 
kind he wanted, he sent to the banks at Cape Henry, where he 
was more successful. 

But the Italians had no lieart in their work, and nuule every 
effort to retnrn to Kurojte. \'incenzio. the foreman, broke the 
furnace with his crowbar, and Sandys, in the violence of his anger 
and disgust, went so far as to say "that a uv)vo dannu'd crew hell 
never vomited."" Among those enuniei'ateil in the census of 1(V25 
as living on the Tivasni-er"s lands were Bernardo and A'incenzio. 
two of the workers in glass. 

The glass-house fell into disuse, and some years afterwards Sir 
John Plarvey. the (Governor, sold the twenty-four acres belonging 
to it to Anthony Colennm. His heir, Edward Knight, conveyed 
the land to John Senior, who assigned it to John Fitchett, who 
assigned it to John Phi|)ps, who assigned it to William Harris; 
and from Harris it came to Colonel Francis ^Morvson, who 



10-i The Cradle of the Republic. 

patented it on Jnne 1, 1G54 — paving a quit rent of six pence per 
year^ to connnence seven 3'ears after the patenting. 

On this ground, where an old cliininey stood, probahly a relic 
of the glass factory, stirring scenes in 1G76 were witnessed. On 
September IStli of tliat year, Bacon, liaving marched forty miles 
since daybreak, came with his tired men into I'aspahegh old 
fields, whence, advancing with a small body of cavalry on the 
sandy beach before tlie town, he fired his carbine in defiance to 
Governor Berkeley, and commanded his trumpeter to sound. 

All the night was spent in cutting a trench and felling trees, 
and the sun rose on tlie 14tli to find Bacon and his men behind a 
good l)reastwork, safe from the cannon of tbe ships and the town. 
The better to direct the movements of his troops, he stationed a 
constant sentry on the top of the brick chimney "to discover from 
thence how the men in town mounted and dismounted, posted 
and rcposted, drew on and otf. what number they were and how 
they moved." 

On the Kitli, Sir \\'illianrs men made a .sally with liorse and 
foot, but Bacon's men recei^'ed them so warmly that they retired 
in great disorder, leaving several of their men dead upon the 
Neck. 

Then Bacon managed to get some cannon, and in order to 
place them iii position, he sent olf and captured the wives of the 
leading councillors — Madam Elizabeth Bacon, wife of Colonel 
JSTathaniel Bacon, Sr. ; Madam Angelica Bray, wife of Colonel 
James Bray ; Madam Elizabeth Page, wife of Colonel John Page ; 
Madam Anna Ballard, wife of Colonel Thomas Ballard, and 
other ladies, and the next morning he presented them to the view 
of their friends and lmsl)ands in the town, their aprons fluttering 
a truce from the top of his small bulwark. This ruse succeeded, 
and the guns having been placed in position, without a shot from 
town, the ladies Mere withdrawn, and the fire of the cannon 
directed upon the slii])ping and the Avorks of Governor Berkeley 
across the neck. 

The result was that, in a day or two, the Governor, despairing 
of success, was com|)elled to take to his ships at night and leave 
the city to its fate, which the very next night was burned to the 
ground by Bacon — September 19, 1676. 

The exposure and hardships to wliich Bacon was subjected 



(il.ASS-lTOUSE. 105 

diiriiii;- the Avt't .-reason, in tln' tivnclics, nvnv the site of the old 
glass-hcnise, are supposed to have given him the disease of which 
he died on Octoher 1, IGTG, at the house of ^Eajor Thomas Pate, 
in (iloucester connt3\ 

On the 24th da}' of January, 1()7G-'7T, Sir William Berkeley 
held a court-martial at Cireenspring, wlien Colonel James 
Crews, Captain William Cookson, and Captain John Digby (or 
Derby) were sentenced to death as rebels. These men, who, as 
particular friends of Bacon, had been in the fight at the trendies 
near the glass-house, were carried to the same spot and hanged, 
in retaliation for their offences there, b}' order of Sir William 
Berkeley. 

Among the relics of the past still picked np on the shores of 
Jamestown Island and the Main are beads and other trinkets of 
giass, prolial)ly the manufacture of this first American glass 
ifactorv. 



IX. 

THE GOVERNOR'S HOUSE. 

C^APTAIX JOHN EATCLIFFE had in the days of his 
J presidency (September 10, 1607, to September 10, 1608) 
started to build a house for the Governor near the fort, but his 
successor. Captain Smith (president from September 10, 1608. 
to September 10, 1609) had stayed tlie work as needless; but in 
1610 Sir Thomas Gates, "at the charges and by the servants of 
the company," erected a Governor's House of framed timbers in 
Jamestown. 

This house was enlarged by Sir Samuel Argall in 1617, and 
was confirmed to the Governor's use in 1618 by instructions from 
the London Company to Sir George Yeardley. 

In 3 619, the time of the joint stock having expired, and every 
one of the ancient ])lanters l)eing free to work on his own indi- 
^•idnal account, land was assigned in diff'ere]it parts of the coun- 
try for the snpi)0i't of the chief officers. Three thousand acres 
were assigned to the governor's office between the mouth of the 
Chickaliominy and Jamestown. To the secretary's office a grant 
of six hundred acres was given, wliich was located first on the 
Eastern Shore, l)ut later above Archer's Hope, on Archer's Hope 
Creek. The attem])t to make these lands profitable by the labor 
of servants turned out a failure, and soon many leases for long 
terms were made at a nominal rent.^ 

In 1621, mention is made of a park to the west of Sir George 
A'eardley's lot, which lay on tlic north side of Pitch and Tar 
Swamp, and ran l)ack to Back River. 

In 16;i2. Sir John Harvey, tlien Govei'nor, complained that he 
had spent much time in planting English grain and vines, and 

' William Drummond had one of these, leases, and got in a quairel 
about it with Sir William Beikeley — the beginning of their animosities 
to one another. 



108 Tjie Cradle of the Republic. 

that ho miiilit as \\v\l ])q eaUed "'the liost as the Governor of 
Virginia." since lie had to dispense the hospitality of the island. 
In 1640, mention is made that his house, or one of his houses, had 
l)een used as a court-house for the colony. 

Sir William Berkeley (Governor from 1()42 to 1652, and from 
1660 to ]67?) owned houses in the island, l)ut, unlike his prede- 
cessors, his main residence was in the country, at Greenspring, 
near "Powhatan's Tree." 

In 1611, on the marriage of Pocahontas, a peace was concluded 
with the Indians which lasted for many years. The words of the 
peace had l)ecn stamped in hrass, and at Opechaneanough's re- 
quest, had heen lixed on one of his noted oaks. "Powhatan's 
Tree,'" on Powhatan Swamp, four miles from Jamestown, was 
probably this tree. There is a large tree in that vicinity, known 
to many people as (*ornwallis's Tree, which may have been 
^'Powhatan's Tree." 

Greenspring took its name from a "very fine, green spring that 
is upon the land," which was reported to l)e "so very cold that 'tis 
dangerous drinking thereof in summer time." 

This spring is still one of the attractions of the place. 

This estate was granted to Sir William Berkeley by the Quarter 
Court in Virginia on June 4, 1643. It comprised at first nine 
hundred and eighty-four acres, but it was subsequently increased 
to one thousand and ninety acres. 

Berkeley had a brick house upon it of six rooms, and a large 
hall ten feet wide. Its present ruins are : front forty-eight feet, 
width forty-three feet six inches. It formerly had two wings, 
one of which is standing, in length twenty-six feet two inches, 
breadth sixteen feet six inches. The walls of the main building, 
above the water table, are two and one-half bricks thick in front, 
and two bricks thick on the sides. The fire-places are four feet 
one inch wide, and extend back three feet eight inches. There 
is a central chimney, which is seven feet wide. 

The lawn at Greenspring was beautifully terraced, and there 
were hot-houses in which oranges and other southern plants were 
grown. Three successive Philij:* Ludwells owned the place, and 
on March 18, 1751, while a guest of the last Philip Ludwell, Hon. 
John Blair wrote that "he gathered oranges there."' 

The last Philip Ludwell left three daughters, the eldest of 



TiiK (iovi;KN"()i;'s lIoisE. 109 

Avlioiu, Hannah IMiilippa. Imumi at (Jrcciispring, December 21, 
1T37, married Hon. ^\'illia^l l.cc iiiiiii.stt'r oi' the United States 
at the courts of \'i('iiiia aiul rx'rliii. ]le resided at Greenspring 
in his latter days, where he ck-arcil the whole of Powhatan Swamp 
for a meadow and lived in great style and afflnence. 

Lord C'ulpeper, who became (lovernor in 1G80, was a cousin 
of Lady Frances Bi'rkek'y, who married the first Colonel Philip 
Ludwell. He liad his I'csidciu <•. while in the colony, at Green- 
spring, whiili lir I'ciitcd for one hundred and fifty pounds 
sterling. 

IJis successor. Lord Howard, of Effingham, who was Governor 
from 1684: to 1G88, had his residence for the most part with 
Colonel linloli ^^'o^meley. at liosegill. oil the liappahannoek. 

Sir Francis Nicholson and Sir Edmund Andros lived at James- 
town, but when, in 1G90. the capital was transferred to AYilliams- 
burg. Sir Francis Nicholson, who was then serving his second 
term, lived at ^Ir. Young's honsc; in Williamsburg. 

Soon after a large brick house for the Governor, called the 
Palace, was erected at Williamsl)nrg. It had a handsome cupola, 
which was lit up at night on public occasions; there was a green 
lawn in front, and the grounds around were beautifully adorned 
with ponds, gardens and terraces. 

The Palace was burned during the Revolution. The grounds 
are now the property of William and ^lary College. Upon them 
is the school-house, representing the charity of Mrs. Mary 
Whaley. After the collapse of Bacon's Eebellion, Richard Law- 
rence, Thomas Whaley and John Forth, Bacon's friends, fled to 
the woods ^'in snow ancle deep," and were never heard of again. 
But Thomas Whaley left in York county a son, James Whaley. 
He married Mary I'age, daughter of ^latthew Page, and niece of 
Colonel John Page. They had an only son. ]\Iatthew, who died 
while a child. Thereu])on. "'to eternalize ^lattey's name forever," 
^Frs. Whaley estaljlished a free school in ITOG. This school is 
now known as the "Matthew Whaley Model and Practice School 
of A\'illiam and ^farv Colle<i-e."' 



X. 

STATE HOUSE. 

THE first General Assembly of A'iriiinia. in 1019, held its 
meetings in the timber chnrch. within tlie old Jamestown 
fort. How long the General Asssemldy coiitiiiued to meet tliere 
I do not know. The (general Court (whic-li moaiit the Council 
sitting as the Su])reme Court) oceu])ii'(l. during Harvey's admin- 
istration, one of his houses on the island, and this house, "with 
the granary, garden and orchard appertaining, and also one plot 
of ground lying and being on tlie west side of said cai)ital and 
messuage as the same is now cneh)sc<U"' was in 1040 ordered ))y 
the Council to l)e sold to \y,\y the chums of his luunerous 
creditors. 

In JannaiT, 1()3!), Sir John Harvey wi-otc that a h'vy had l)een 
laid by the General Assembly for Ijuihling a State House. This 
levy was first authorized by the Asscmljly, which met Febru- 
ary 20, 1636-"37, and it was confirmed by the Assembly which 
met re1>ruary 20, lG3r-"38. On Jamuu-\- (>. lG39-"-4:0, another 
act was passed in aid of these. It provided for various objects: 
Ten ponnds of tobacco per poll for the support of ministers, each 
minister to maintain himself, clerk and sexton; three pounds 
per poll for the Cluster Master General ;^ three pounds per poll 
for the Captain of the Fort and ten guards ; two ponnds of to- 
hacco for building a new fort at Point C*omfort. and two pounds 
per poll for huihiiiig a State House. 

There is a grant of one acre to John White, dated August 28. 
1644, "''bounded west upon tlie church-yard, east u])on the land 
appertaining to the State House, north upon the land of Mr. 
Thomas Hampton, and south upon James Eiver. the length of 
the lot being twenty-three poles, and the breadth seven poles 
almost." There is a lease in 1G43 for one-half an acre to Cap- 

^ Capt. John West, brother of Lord Dehiware. 



State IIdlsi:. Ill 

lain Jiohci't 1 1 utcliinson. anciently belojiging to ^I r. Samuel 
JMule, bounded south upon the river, noi'th towards Passbyhaes/ 
'wcat upon the land of John Osborne and towards the State 
House. There is a grant for one acre to Kadulph Spraggins in 
1014, "north towards the way leading to the ]\lain, west upon 
the river, and east towards the land of Mr. Hampton." All of 
which shows that the State House and the framed church Avere 
near the west end of the island, above the present church. 

This first State House was not long in use, since, in October, 
]()(j(). liis Honor Sir William Berkeley was asked by the General 
Assembly to contract for a State House, and in 1663 it was com- 
plained that both the (Quarter Court and General Assemblies were 
lield in ale-houses, Mhicli in\olved much exj^ense, and was not 
at all a seemly thing. Abstracts of three deeds of Sir William 
Berkeley, dated April 3, 1670, once on record in the General 
Court, show that the State House was destroyed by fire, and that 
it was the middle building of three, each forty feet by twenty, all 
of which were generally referred to as the ^'State House." This 
lire probably occurred before 1656, since in December of that 
year Thomas Woodhouse, who was doubtless an ordinary keeper, 
was ordered by the Assembly twent3'-five hundred pounds of to- 
hacco "for the quarter court, sitting at his house two courts, and 
for the committee's accommodation.'' 

By the terms of the deeds mentioned Sir William conveyed 
tlie ruins of all three Iniildings to Henry Randolph, of Henrico, 
and the westernmost, sold for twenty-five pounds sterling, was 
described as '"the remains, foundations and brick work of a 
certain house or messuage that was burned, forty feet long by 
twenty feet In-oad. l)eing the westernmost part of the ruined 
fabric, or building adjoining the old State House, which said 
ruiiu'd messuage was formerly in the occupation of Eichard 
Bennett, Esq.." inchiding lialf an acre of land adjacent. 

In 165.5. Sir A\'illiani Berkeley had sold, for twenty-seven thou- 
sand five liimdred jiounds of to1)acco, to Richard Bennett, Esq., 
liis house in James City, "lately in the tenure of William Whitby, 

^ Pa spall egh or the Main, as it was iiiditTerently called, was the land 
on the other side of the eonnecting neck, where was laid out in 1(124 the 
Governor's land of 3.000 acres, which was leased in part to Capt. Robert 
Hutchinson and others. 



112 The Cradle of the Republic. 

being the wostcniiiiost of tlirce brick bouses wliicb I tbere built. '^ 
The buihliiigs in JamestoM'n appear to bave been united togetlier 
in tbis way in order to economize brick by saving two walls in 
every six necessary for se|)arate structures. 

Henry Eandolpb did not retain the buildings long, for on the 
7tli of April, 1671, he sold the westernmost fabric to Thomas 
Ludwell and Thomas Stegg, the middle building to Xathaniel 
Bacon, Sr., executor of j\Iiles Cary, deceased, and the eastern 
building with one-half acre adjoining (said to have been formerly 
in the occupation of Thomas Bailey) to Colonel Thomas Swann. 

There is a grant to Ludwell and Stegg, dated January 1, 1667, 
of one-half acre in James City, lying on the river side, and ad- 
joining to the westernmost of tliose three houses, "'all wliich 
joyntly were formerly called by the name of the State House," 
beginning "close to the wall where the said westernmost house 
joines to tlie middle house, thence running southwesterly 31 
degrees 67 feet to high-w^ater mark, thence northwesterly 56 de- 
grees up tlie river side 120 feet, thence northeasterly 34 degrees 
181 feet and a half, thence soutlieasterly 56 degrees 120 
feet, thence southwesterly again 31 degrees through the said old 
State House, and the partition wall dividing the said westernmost 
house and middle house, 114 feet and a lialfe to the place where 
it began." 

It appears from this grant tliat tlie State House stood on the 
shore sixty-se^'en feet from high-water mark. 

A new State House being necessary, we ha^e seen that Sir 
William Berkeley Avas asked by the General Assembly, in October. 
1660, to contract for a new one. How long it took to erect the 
building I do not know. In 1663 the General Assembly and 
General Court held their sessions at an ale-house, so it was not 
completed tlien. It was certainly completed some time liefore 
Bacon's Eebellion in 1676, when it was the scene of a striking- 
incident in our colonial history. 

Governor Berkeley had proclaimed Xathaniel Bacon. Jr., a 
rebel, because he had marched against the Indians without a 
commission. On Bacon's return from the march, he had been 
elected l)y the people of Henrico a delegate to the General Assem- 
bly which met at Jamestown on June 5, 1676. Bacon Avent to 
Jamestown, and was arrested by Berkeley, but he was soon after- 



State House. 113 

wards released and promised a commission. Xot getting it as 
soon as he expected, and fearing foul play, he privately left the 
town, and went back to his plantation at Curls Xeck. Here his 
friends rallied about him, and presently finding himself with a 
sufficient force, he returned to Jamesto\ni to compel the grant of 
the commission, which had been so long denied to him. 

The Governor at first proposed to defend the place, but finding 
his friends lukewarm in his defence, soon gave up the notion. On 
the 23d of June, Bacon marched unopposed into the town, and, 
sending squads of troops to secure the fort, the ferry and the neck 
hy which he had crossed, drew up the rest of his forces on the 
green before the State House, where the Governor, Council and 
Burgesses were then asseml)led. Having so done, he sent into the 
State House to know if they would now grant him a commission. 
Sir William Berkeley, thereupon, came out, and at first angrily 
refused the demand. He dramatically tore open his breast and 
cried out, ''Here, shoot me — fore God, fair mark," frequently 
repeating the words ; but Bacon only replied, "Xo, may it please 
your Honor, I come not, nor intend, to hurt a hair of your head, 
but I come for a commission against the heathen, who are daily 
spilling our brethren's blood, and a commission I will have before 
I go." The Governor offered to measure swords with him, but 
Bacon declined to fight him, and told him to put his sword wp; 
and then growing tired of the interview, he turned to his soldiers 
and said, "^fake ready, present." The soldiers promptly directed 
their pieces to the windows of the State House, crowded with 
Burgesses and Councillors. 

Some of these, seeing their danger, cried out to the soldiers, 
"For God's sake, hold your hands and forbear a little, and you 
shall have what you jjlease." Thereupon, there was much hurry- 
ing and solicitation, and the Governor was finally induced to 
consent to give the commission which Bacon demanded. 

After this. Bacon, who had now obtained what he wanted, left 
town with his soldiers, and marched up to the falls of the river, 
preparatory to going out a second time against the Indians. 
However, he had not gone a very long time before Berkeley again 
proclaimed him a rebel, and tried to raise the train-bands of 
Gloucester county to fight him. Bacon hurried down again, but 
the train-bands deserted Berkeley, and he had to hie away to 
Accomae. 



114 The Cradle of the Eepublic. 

After holding a convention of the leading men of the colony 
at Middle Plantation, where he made them take an oath to sup- 
port him against Berkeley, and, indeed, against any forces sent 
out from England, Bacon went after the Pamunkeys and routed 
them in the freshes of York Eiver. 

Eeturning again to the settlements, he learned that Sir Wil- 
liam had arrived from Accomac, and was entrenched in James- 
town Island. Without a moment's hesitation, Bacon marched 
his tired troops down again to Jamestown, and reaching Green- 
spring stopped for a short time to make a speech to his soldiers 
in the "old fields"' there, concluding with the words, "Come on, 
my hearts of gold; he that dies in the field of battle, sleeps on the 
bed of honor.'' Promptly resuming his march, he next rested 
about three miles beyond, in Paspahegh old fields, where the 
ancient settlement called Argall's Town had once stood, about a 
mile from Jamestown. Finding the isthmus on the island side 
comnumded Ijy cannon, he entrenched himself that night (Sejj- 
tember 13th), near the site of the old glass-house opi^osite, and 
laid siege. Three days later a battle was fought on the neck, in 
which fourteen men were killed, after which, Governor Berkeley's 
soldiers becoming disheartened, they took ship and abandoned the 
town to Bacon. 

Bacon entered without further opposition, and, calling a coun- 
cil of his leading friends, decided to burn the town as a military 
necessity. 

Among the houses to pei-ish at this time was the lately erected 
State House. William Drummond, Bacon's friend, took the 
precaution to save the records in the secretary's office — while he 
showed his devotion to Bacon by setting fire to his own house. 

The burning of the town was a great discouragemeiit to the 
General Assembly, and after Bacon's war they had some thought 
of building the next State House at Tindall's Point (now called 
Gloucester Point), but they finally were persuaded to rehal)ilitate 
Jamesto'WTi and to restore the State House. 

The contract for the rebuilding was given to Colonel Philip 
Ludwell, the rich proprietor of Greenspring, who had married 
Governor Berkeley's widow, Frances Culpeper. The State House 
was not habitable, however, till 1685, and for the last year or two 
the public courts and assemblies wore held at the ordinary of 



State House. 115 

Mr. Gauler. J quote from the journal of the House of Bur- 
gesses : 

November 2, 1G85. The Assembly met at the State House. 
Its hours were from eleven a. m. to five r. m. 

December i, 1685. Mr. Auditor Bacon was ordered to pay 
"Col. Philip Ludwell £^00 sterling out of y*" money accruing 
from y^ duty of three pence p"" gallon upon liquors for and in con- 
sequence of rebuilding y^ State House, upon payment of which 
money M"" .Auditor is desired to take bond from Col. Ludwell for 
y* full compleating of y'^ House in such manner as shall be fully 
satisfactory to his Excellency, y** Councill, and y^ House of Bur- 
gesses, answerably good and equivalent to the condition of y^ 
same." 

" Resolved by ye House that ye Room in ye State House, called ye 
Porch Chamber, be kept and appropriated an office for ye Clerk of ye 
Assembly, and yt Robert Beverly ye present Clerk take possession there- 
of, and therein Lodge and place all Records, Books, and Papers belong- 
ing to ye Assembly which either now are, or for ye time to come, shall 
be committed to his charge, keeping, or custody." 

His Excellency, the Governor, was asked "to have the room in 
the State House opposite to the court-house room fitted with all 
expedition for the Secretary of State, and that Col. Ludwell be 
treated with about it." 

Eailings were ordered to be placed about the State House, and 
the rails and banisters were to be of locust or cedar wood, "laid 
double in oylc for the forepart of y^ State House." 

A good, sul)stantial prison-house was ordered to be built in the 
town at the charge of the country (public), and to be paid for 
out of the imposition of three pence per gallon on liquors "next 
after Col. Philip Ludwell is satisfied for y^ countries house to 
hold Assemblies and General Courts." 

The third State House, as well as the second, seems to have 
been in the vicinity of the first, although further back from the 
river. In 1656, while the first State House was standing, John 
Bauldwin patented ten acres on the river at the western shore of 
the island, which land was said to be l)ounded on the south by a 
slash of Pitch and Tar Swamp, separating it from the State 
House. In 1G90 this land was included in a grant to William 
Sherwood, and was spoken of as beginning at the head of a branch 
of Pitch and Tar vSwamp, "next above the State House." This 



116 The Cradle oe the Eepublic. 

slash and branch of Pitch and Tar Swamp were undoul^tedl}^ the 
low ground along A\'liic]i rnns a ditch to tlie river on the west^ not 
far frojii the old isthmus. The embankment on' the river side 
alone prevents the waters of the river from entering the island at 
that point. The grant to Sherwood in 1690 included a lot of 
twelve acres originally patented on the Back Street of the town 
in 1628 by Dr. John Pott, fronting twenty-five poles on the north 
side of the said Back Street, seventy poles from Back River. In 
1694, Philip laidwell, who was brother and heir of Thomas Lnd- 
well, ol)tained a patent for one and one-half acres "adjoining the 
ruins of the three In-ick houses between the State House and the 
country house, beginning near Pitch and Tar Swamp, eight 
chains (two poles, or thirty-one feet to a chain) of the eastern- 
most end of said houses, and running l^y the said end soutli two 
degrees, westerly sixteen chains, and thence north eighty-eight 
degrees, westerly three and three-quarters chains, thence north 
two degrees, easterly sixteen chains by the other end of the said 
houses, and thence south eighty-eight degrees, easterly three and 
three-quarters chains to the place it began. 

These grants of land seem to show that the State Hovise was 
distant about eight chains, or two hundred and forty-eight feet 
from Pitch and Tar Swamp. 

Once more the flames attacked Jamestown, and this time with 
consequences fatal to the town. On Octol)er 31, 1698, the State 
House was consumed by fire. 

After this the seat of government Avas removed to Williams- 
burg, in 1699. and a lu'ick building in the form of an H, too 
pretentious in the eyes of Governor Francis Nicholson to be 
called a "State House," was erected at that place. It was the 
first Capitol so-called in the United States. As three State 
Houses were destroyed by fire in Jamestown, so two Capitols 
suffered by the same destructive agent in Williamsburg. The 
first Capitol was burned in 1746, and the second in 1832. 

In 1706, the people of James City county Avere permitted by the 
General Asseml)ly to use the l)ricks of the old State House at 
Jamestown to construct their new count}' court-house at Wil- 
liamsburg. 

There is a brick chimney still standing on the site of the old 
court-house lot in Williamsburg, whicli was probably erected 
from the ruins at Jamestown. 



XI. 

POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 

rr^HE political units in Virginia were at first separate settle- 
1 ments, named variously cities, towns, hundreds,^ and plan- 
tations. The settlers were mostly city people, and they expected 
society to develop as in England, and as it actually did in New 
England.- The cultivation of tobacco, however, provoked separa- 
tion and isolation, and society became from the first distinctly 
agricultural and rural. 

The charters provided that during the first few years all 
charges of settling and maintaining the plantation should be 
borne in a joint stock; so that every man in Virginia had to act 
as a servant of the Company during that time. In 1619, every- 
body was free to pursue his own individual labors, and the time 
arrived for a distribution of the lands. In order to meet the 
changed state of affairs a new political organization was deemed 
necessary. The plantations were located in four large corpora- 
tions, with a capital city in each : 

I. The Corporation of Elizabeth City (capital, Elizabeth 
City), extending from the bay up the river, on the south side, 
to about Chuckatuck Creek, and on the north side to above ISTew- 
port News. 

II. The Corporation of James City (capital, Jamestown), ex- 
tending on the south side from about Nansemond Eiver to Upper 
Chippokes Creek, and on the north side from Newport News 
to the Chickahominy Eiver. 

III. The Corporation of Charles City (capital, Charles City, 
at the present City Point), extending, on the south side, from 

' A liuiiclied was a division of a county in England supposed to con- 
tain a hundred families. 

' The representatives of the counties in the General Assembly were 
called Burgesses, because boroughs were first represented at Jamestown. 



118 The Cradle of the Eepublic. 

Upper Chippokes Creek to the beginning of the pale run by Dale, 
between the Appomattox and James Elvers, so as to include 
Bermuda Hundred aikl Jones' Neck, and on the north side to 
Farrar's Island. 

IV. The Corporation of Henrico (capital, Henrico, on Far- 
rar's Island), extending from Charles City Corporation to the 
falls. 

All settlements were in 1619 on or very near James Eiver. 

Each corporation contaiiied one or more boroughs, and each 
borough was represented by two burgesses in the General As- 
sembl}'-, for the first time called in 1619. 

This system continued till 1634, Avhen borough representation 
was entirely abandoned. The economic forces at work in Vir- 
ginia w'ere those of separation instead of consolidation. In 1634 
the whole of the country was divided into eight counties or 
shires, and all of these but two — Accomac, on the Eastern Shore, 
over the Bay, and (Jharles Eiver county, subsequently York 
county, on York Eiver — were situated on James Eiver, as 
follows : 

I. Elizabeth City county, extending on both sides of the river 
— on the south side to Chuckatuck Creek, and on the north side 
to Newport News, and including a small part thereof. 

II. AYaraseoyack county, subsequently, in 1637, Isle of Wight 
county, extending, on the south side, from Chuckatuck Creek to 
Lawne's Creek. 

III. Warwick county, extending, on the north side, from 
Elizabeth City county to Skiffes Creek. 

IV. James City county, extending on both sides of the river — 
on the south side from Lawne's Creek to Upper Chippokes Creek, 
and on the north side from Skiffes Creek to above Sandy 
Point. 

V. Charles City county, extending on both sides of the river — 
on the south side from Upper Chippokes Creek to Appomattox 
Eiver, and on the north side from Sandy Point to Turkey Ishmd 
Creek. 

VI. Henrico county, extending from Charles City county in- 
definitely westward. 

In 1637, the south part of Elizabeth City county was made into 
New Norfolk county, which immediately after was divided into 
Lower Norfolk county and Upper Norfolk county (called in 



Political Divisions. 119 

1645-'46 Xansemond county). In 1(591, Lower Norfolk county 
was divided into Princess Anne and Norfolk counties. 

In 1652, the south part of James City county was formed into 
Surry county. In 1702, the south part of Charles City county 
was formed into Prince George county. In 1720, the Chicka- 
hominy was made the boundary of James City and Charles City 
counties. In 1748, the southern part of Henrico was formed into 
Chesterfield countv. 



XI. 
JAMES RIVER. 

{Named for King James I.) 

ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF PLACES. 

[The distance of Point Comfort to Richmond by the river is about 
110 miles. The distance from Cape Henry to Richmond is about 127 
miles.] 

South Side. 
Cape Henry. 

JSTamed in honor of Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I. 
The cape opposite was called Cape Charles in honor of Prince 
Charles, another son, afterwards King Charles I. At Cape 
Henry, on April 26, 1607, the first settlers made their first land- 
ing. Three da3^s later they set np a cross. 

Lynnhaven Bay. 

It appears on Smith's map as Morton's Bay, because liere 
Matthew Morton and Captain Gabriel Archer were wounded by 
the Indians, April 26, 1607. Present name derived from the 
town of L3mn, in England. 

Willovghhy's Sand-Spit. 

jSTamed from Colonel Thomas Willoughby, a member of the 
Council from 1644 to 1650. He belonged to the family of Lord 
Willoughby, Governor of Barbadoes. His descendants are 
numerous. 

SewelVs Point. 

From Henry Seawell, a burgess for Lower Norfolk county in 
1639. He is represented in Virginia by the descendants of his 
daughter, Anne, who married Colonel Lemuel Mason. 

EUzaheth River. 

Named for Princess Elizabeth, daughter of King James I., 
and afterwards Queen of Bohemia. 



James River. 121 

Craney Island. 

This place, M'liieh, during the war of 1812, was fortified as a 
protection to Xorfolk, received its name, at a very remote date, 
from an early I'csident of Xorfolk county. Admiral Cockburn, 
with the British ileet, attacked this place and was repulsed. 

Nanscmond River. 

From the Indians of that name who had several towns upon it. 
Nasewaij Shoah. 

From "Lt. Col. Tristram XorsM'orthy, of y^ Ragged Islands 
in Virginia, Gent.," living in 1G56. His name was originally 
pronounced "Xosory." 

Pagan River. 

From "Pagan Point,*' probaljly so called because of the Indian 
village Moheie, on the south side. Originally Warascoyack, and 
afterwards New Town Haven River. 

Basse's Choice was a private plantation patented by Captain 
JSTathaniel Basse and others on November 21, 1621. It was 
situated near the mouth of Pagan River, in Isle of Wight county, 
on the west side. It consisted of three hundred acres. Peter 
Knight patented it in 1640, and sold it to John Bland, who sold 
it to Thomas Taberer, who devised it in 1692 to his grandson, 
JosejDh Copland, of Isle of Wight county. 

Day's Point. 

At the -western point of Pagan River Bay ; named from Cap- 
tain James Bay, formerly of J^ondon, who has left numerous 
descendants in Virginia. 

Bennett's Plantation, or Warascoyacl-. 

It was situated at the Rock Wharf on the present Burwell's 
Bay. Patented November 21, 1621, by Edward Bennett, a rich 
London merchant, in partnership with his brother, Robert Ben- 
nett, and nephew, Richard Bennett, Governor of Virginia in 
1652, and others. Edward Bennett's daughter, Silvestra, mar- 
ried Major Nicholas Hill, of Isle of Wight county. Another 
daughter, Mary, married Thomas Bland, whose daughter ^Mary 
marriefl Captain James Day, of Day's Point. This early planta- 
tion Ijecame absorbed in the estate of Major Lewis Burwell. 



123 The Cradle of the Eepublic. 

Bur well's Bay. 

Xanied for ]\rajor Lewis Bnrwell, who married Abigail Smith, 
niece of CoJonel Nathaniel Bacon, Sr. Bnrwell acquired, partly 
through his wife, a large estate in this quarter. 

Lawne's Plantation, in Isle of Wight county, patented by 
Ca])tain Christopher Lawne and his associates. Captain Lawne 
arrived in Virginia April 17, 1619. His plantation was situated 
near the mouth of Lawne's Creek, which afterwards was made 
the dividing line between the counties of Surry and Isle of 
Wight. It was represented in the first General Assembly by 
Captain Lawne and Ensign Washer. 

Hog Island. 

It obtained its name as early as l(i08, beiug used as a place for 
safekeeping of hogs. Eepresented in the General Assembly, 
IG^^-'Si, by John Chew and John IJtie, prominent colonists. 
John Bailey, who first settled at Berkeley Hundred in 1630, pat- 
ented six hundred acres here. He died before 1634, and his only 
daughter and heir, ]\Iary Bailey, marrjdng Randall Holt, the 
Islaud came into the Holt family, and continued their property 
for nearly two Imndred years. 

It M'as very much improved l)y the late ]\Ir. E. E. Barney, and 
named "Homewood."' 

Lotcer Cliifipohe's CreeJi. 

On the west of Hog Island, sometimes called Cobham Creek. 
Indian name. Near by is an old brick house erected probably 
about 1660. It is one of the oldest brick houses in Virginia. 
During Bacon's Eebellion it was fortified by Captain William 
Rookins, Robert Burgess and other friends of Bacon. The 
house was originally built by Mr. Arthur Allen, ancestor of 
Colonel William Allen, of Claremont, and is now o'WTied by Mr. 
C. W. Warren. It is known as "Bacon's Castle." 

College Creel'. 

From the College Plantation, appearing in the early records 
about 1635. 

Cohham. 

The site of an old towu laid off in 1680 for a port for Surry 
county, at the mouth of Gray's Creek, and afterwards reestab- 



J.\.Mi:s KivER. 123 

li^lu^l in ir:2. It is a little west of Seothmd Wharf, the tenui- 
luis of the SuriT. Sussex and Snulliainptoii IJaili'oad. 

Gray's Creel-. 

First called liolfe"s Cix'ek after Thomas Rolfe, son of Poca- 
hontas, \\lio had a planlalion upon it, "the <rift of the Indian 
king." Afterwards called U ray's Creek from Thomas (irav, who 
patented lands there in 1(139, and is ancestor of a numerous 
family of the nanu'. Upon il was Smith's Fort, prohahly erected 
in KIOS. 

Sinnin's Point. 

From Colonel Thomas Swann, of the Conncil of Sir William 
Berkeley (1G7G), son of William Swann, an early settler. His 
son Samuel. Sj^eaker of the Xorth Carolina Assembly, married 
Sarah, daughter of Colonel William Drummond, hanged for 
supporting Xathaniel Bacon. ,)v., in 1G70. Colonel Swann's 
tombstone is still to be seen in a neighboring field. Here in 1677 
the commissioners sent over by tlie King to inquire info the 
causes of Bacon's Rebellion held conrt. This commission con- 
sisted of Colonel Herbert Jeffryes, Sir John Berry and Colonel 
Francis ]\roryson. 

Four Mile Tree. 

This was a jilantation of two thousand acres which began at 
''Four ]\lile Tree," one of the bounds on the south side of the 
Corporation of James City; patented by Colonel Henry Browne, 
one of Sir AVilliam Berkeley's Council in 16-13, and remained in 
the Brown family for two hundred years. He obtained one hun- 
di'cd and fifty acres thereof, called Smith's ]\[ount, on the river, 
from the overseers of John Smith, deceased, which was "first 
Ijatented by John Burrows, called by him in 1624 "Burrows' 
Hill." The handsome old house of the Brownes is still standing, 
and there is in the graveyard near by the tombstone of Alice 
Miles, daughter of John ]\tiles, of Branton, Herefordshire, and 
wife of Colonel George Jordan, Attornej'-General of Virginia 
in 1670. The tombstone states that Mrs. Jordan died January 
7, 1650. There is only one older tombstone in Virginia — that of 
Colonel "William Perrv. at AVestover, who died in 1637. 



12-i Till': ('radle of the Eepubltc. 

Paces Pains. 

Adjoining Four Mile Tree is Pace's Pains, an estate of six 
liimdred acres, planted by Richard Pace, Francis Chapman and 
Thomas Gates. In the massacre of 1G2'3 Eichard Pace saved 
JaraestoM']! and many of the eohinists. A converted Christian 
Indian, Chanco, who stayed with him, revealed, the plot ; and 
Pace, after securing his house, rowed off to Jamestown in tlie 
early morning and informed the governor. His widow, Isabella, 
married, secondly, Captain William Perry, of the Council. His 
son and heir was George Pace ; married Sarah, widow of Captain 
Samuel Maycock, of tlie (^ouncil, who was killed 1)y the Indians 
in the massacre. He moved to C-aptain Maycock's plantation, 
near Powell's Creek, in Prince George county, where his son 
Richard was living in 1659. Richard Pace has descendants in 
and al)out T'eters])urg. 

Suiilrn MdrsJi Crccl\ 

This is a very old name in the records of Surry county, being- 
found in the land l)ooks as early as 1CA2. In 1678 "Sunken 
Marsh Plantation" was one of the numerous plantations of the 
London merchant, John Bland, whose lirother Theodorick was 
the founder of the prominent Virginia family of that name. 
Xear by was 'AYakefield,'^ a home of the Harrison family. 

Upper CJiippol-e's Creel-. 

From the Indian. The town of Quiouglicohannock was near 
til is creek, opposite to the Paspahegh town on the other side. 
At a very early date Major xVrthur Allen patented lands at this 
creek. His descendant Major William Allen, at the time of the 
war (1861-*65), owned twelve thousand five hundred acres 
stretching along the river side. It is now the site of the town of 
Claremont, and the Avharf is the terminus of the James River 
Division of the Atlantic and Danville Railway. 

Broiulon. 

There are two Brandons in Virginia — Brandon on the Rappa- 
hannock, formerly the home of the Grymes family, and. Brandon 
on the James. Tlie famous estate last mentioned, as rich in soil 
as in memories, was patented in 1617 by Captain John Martin, 
one of the first Council for Virginia, and the only man who had 
protested against the abandonment of Jamestown in 1610, after 



126 The Cradle of the Republic. 

the "Starviiig Time."" In 1619, ho sent to the first General As- 
/^ semhly as burgesses from Brandon ]\Jr. Thomas Davis and Mr. 
Robert Stacy, but that body would not allow them to sit, unless 
Martin wonld agree to relinquish certain high privileges, which 
his patent conferred. But Martin, who was then the only mem- 
ber of the original Council living in Virginia, declined, and 
said : "I hold my patent for my service don, which noe newe or 
late comers can meritt or challenge." j\lartin"s grant read : "He 
was to enjoye his landes in as large and ample manner to all 
intentes and purposes as any ]jord of any Manours in England 
dotli hold his grounde."" He was afterwards fortunately induced 
to surrender this high authority. Martin was son of Sir Richard 
Martin, and l)rot]ier-in-law of Sir Julius Ca?sar. His daughter 
Dorcas married Captain (leorge Bargrave, son of Robert Bar- 
grave, of Bridge in Kent. George Bargrave came to Virginia, 
and was largely interested, with his brother, John Bargrave. in 
the trade of the colony. Captain Robert Bargrave, as stated in a 
land grant in 16o()-"37, sold Martin's Brandon to Synion Sturgis, 
John Sadler and Richard Quiney, of London, merchants. In 
16-13, as stated in another grant, the General Asseml)ly eon- 
firmed' to William Barker, John Sadler and Richard Quiney 
four thousand fi\'e hundred and fifty acres known as '■'^rartin"s 
Brandon, between Chippoaks Creek and Ward's Creek.'" due 
them by purchase from the heirs of Captain John Martin, 
deced. So this Captain Robert Bargrave was doubtless a grand- 
son of Captain John iMartin. Brandon and Merchant's Hope, 
or Powell Brook, became the joint property of Richard 
Quiney and his brother-in-law, John Sadler. The Quineys were 
from Stratford-on-Avon. Thomas Quiney married Judith, the 
daughter of William Shakespeare. Richard Quiney's wife, Ellen 
Sadler, daughter of John Sadler, Avas aunt of Anne Sadler, the 
wife of John Harvard, founder of Harvard College. Richard 
Quiney's moiety in Brandon, as well as in Powell Brook, de- 
scended to his son Thomas, who in his will left the same to his 
great-nephew Robert Richardson, who in ]720 conveyed the 
same to Nathaniel Harrison, to whom the other moiety doubtless 
passed about the same time from the Sadlers. 

The plantation has remained in the Harrison family ever 
since. It is divided into two estates — Lower and Upper Bran- 



James Eiver. 127 

don. The house at Lower Brandon contains a collection of por- 
traits of eminent persons, formerly the property of William 
Byrd, of Westover. 

Ward'^ Creek. 

Ca])tain John Ward came to Mrginia in April, 1619, and 
was actively employed for several years with his ship in pro- 
curing fish and supplies for the colony. His patent seems to have 
called for twelve hundred acres on the river side, which appears 
to have been included in a grant to Eice Hooe in May, 1638. 
Ward's plantation was represented in the first General Assembly 
by Captain John Ward and Lieutenant John Gibbs. "Ward's 
Creek" perpetuates the name and site of this ancient settlement, 
adjoining Brandon. 

WiiulniiU Faint. 

This in the early records was known as Tobacco Point. It took 
its name fi-oni a windmill established there many years ago. 
The Indians appear to have called it Weyanoke Point. 

Floicer de Hundred. 

In 1618, the London Company granted to Sir George Yeardley, 
then governor, all that piece of land between Mapsoe Creek and 
Queen's Creek, on the north side of the river in Charles City 
countv, called Tanks Weyanoke, containing twenty-two hundred 
acres. The Governor's other plantation, Flower dieu Hundred, 
consisting of one thousand acres, was across the river, westward 
from this, and appears to have been on the site of the Indian 
village of Weyanoke. In 1619, it was represented in the first 
Virginia Legislature by Ensign Edward Rossingham, nephew of 
the Governor, and Mr. John Jefferson, ancestor of Thomas Jef- 
ferson. Sir George Yeardle}^ about 1626, sold both plantations 
to Captain Abraham Peirsey, who left two daughters, (1) Eliz- 
abeth, A\ho married, first, Captain Richard Stephens, secondly. 
Sir John Harvey, Governor; (2) Mary, who married Captain 
Thomas Hill, and, secondly. Thomas Buslirod. Captain Richard 
Stepliens' son, Captain Samuel Stephens, was the first husband 
of Lady Berkeley, wife of Sir William Berkeley, and she mar- 
ried, thirdly. Colonel Philip Ludwell. "Flower dieu Hundred" 
was changed to "Peirsey's Hundred," but in 1635 Mrs. Elizabeth 



128 The Cradle of the IJepublic. 

Stephens patented it as "Flower deue Hundred."" Shortly after 
she sold it to William Barker, mariner. 

At the close of the century it was owned hy Captain John 
Taylor, of Prince George county, who devised it to his daughters, 
Henrietta Maria and Sarah, who married respectively John and 
Francis Hardiman. They sold it to Joseph Poythress, and about 
the close of the century it became the property of John Y. Will- 
cox, Avhose descendants still own it. 

Maycocls. 

Samuel Maj^cock came to Virginia about IGIS. He was a 
graduate of the University of Cambridge, and in 1619 was made 
by Sir George Yeardley a member of his council, and continued as 
such under Sir Francis Yfyatt. He was killed in the Indian 
massacre of 163'?, when five others of the council perished. 
Among those who were killed at Captain Maycock's plantation of 
two hundred acres adjoining Flower de Hundred was Edward 
Lister, who came over in the Mai/flower to Plymouth, Mass., and 
was a signer of the "Compact." After Captain Maycock's death, 
his widow Sarah married George Pace of "Pace's Paines,"' whose 
father, Richard Pace, had saved Jamestown in 1622. There is 
a deed in the Charles City county records by which "Richard 
Pace, of Powell's Creek, son and heir-apparent of George Pace, 
son and heire as the first issue by my mother Mrs. Sarah Ma- 
cocke, wife unto my aforesaid father, both deced," confirms a 
sale of eight or nine hundred acres "lying near unto Pierce's 
Hundred als Flower due Hundred" to Mr. Thomas Drew as per 
bill of his father, October 12, 1650. In 1723, Jolm Hamlin sold 
"jMaycocks,"' containing two hundred and fifty acres, purchased 
of Roger Drayton in 1696, to Thomas Ravenscroft, of Wilming- 
ton Parish. James City county. 

PoireJVs Creel-. 

Here was seated the plantation of Captain ISTathaniel Powell, 
a valiant soldier, who came in 1607 to Virginia among the first 
emigrants, and acted as governor on tlie departure of Samuel 
Argall in 1619. He married a daughter of Master William 
Tracy, but he and his Avife were both killed by the Indians 
March 22, 1622. Ten others were also slain in this massacre 
at Powell Brook. His place of six hundred acres lay on the 



.Ia.mks KiVKi;. 1-29 

■west of r(i\v('ir> Creek. Tlioiuas I'ltwell, of JIowL-lltoii, Suffolk 
county, England, yeoman, his brother and licii-. sold the estate 
to John Taylor, "citizen and girdler," of Loiulon, who in turn 
disposed of it to William Barker, mariner, Eichard Quiney and 
John Saillcr. iii('i-( hauls of London, and they in 1638 patented it 
(with twrhc hundi'cd aud iifty acres additional) as ''^lerchant's 
Hope, foriiici-ly known as I'owle lii-ook." It linally passed to 
^Xathaniel Harrison in 17"^0. 

Xear l)y there is still standing a very old brick church, known 
as ^Lerchant's Hope Church. It has upon a In-ick the date 1656, 
supposed to have been the year of its erection. Tlie court-house 
of Prince George was first seated near the churcli on Chappell's 
Creek. 

Chappell's Creek. 

jS'amed for Thomas Chappell, who came to the colony in the 
ship of Captain William Barker in 1635. He has numerous 
representatives in the South. 

Bicker's Crf-ek. 

Xamed for William Bicker, or Bykar, killed in the massacre 
of 1622. 

Chaplin s Choice. 

Tliis place in 1619 was the plantation of Captain Isaac Chap- 
lin, who represented it in the first House of Burgesses. It lay 
east of Captain Woodlitt'e's land, near Jordan's. In 1686 Cap- 
tain Xichohis Wyatt patented it anew, describing it as in area 
thi'cc luiiidi-ctl and sixty-one acres, and as lying on James River 
between Parson's and Bicker's Creeks. He states that it was 
for a long time in the possession of his late father. Captain 
Anthony Wyatt. By the l)urning of his father's house and that 
of the secretary at Jamestown, the original patent to Chaplin's 
had been lost. Hence his application for a new patent. 

Jordan's Jornei/. or Beggar's Buslt. 

'j'his place was situated at Jorihin's Point, on James Iiiver. 
Captain Sanniel Jordan patented four Imndi-ed and fifty acres 
here in 1619. liounde(l by Ca]itain Woodlitl'e's hind. Ca])tain 
Jordan died in Kl'i."!. and his widow. Ciceley, lieing left a rich 
widow, was eagerly sought after. Being addi'essed by both Cap- 



130 The Cradle of the Bepublic. 

tain William Farrar, kinsman of the deputy treasurer, Nicholas 
Farrar, and the minister of tlie place, Eev. Greville Poolev, she 
engaged to marr}'- both, Avhieli action of hers led to so much dis- 
turbance in the colony that the Governor and Council had to 
issue a proclamation against an}^ similar ]3roceedings on the 
part of the ladies. 

At Jordan's in 1G76 the Yolunteers of Charles (*ity (Prince 
George) had their encampment, previous to pressing Bacon into 
service, to lead them against the Indians. 

In 1677, the place had become the property of John Bland, of 
London, merchant, and there it was that Eichard Bland, the An- 
tiquary, resided, the first American to show in a formal pamphlet 
that America had no couneetion with England except the tie of 
the crown. 

Bailey's Creek. 

Frojn Teiu'ierauce Bailey, who had two hundred acres thereon 
in lfi->(5. 

Citi/ Point. 

In 1619, the colony was divided into four great corporations. 
There were no counties till 163-1. Each corporation was to have 
a principal city: Elizabeth City, James City, Charles City and 
IIe]irico City. Charles City was located at the inouth of the 
Appomattox on the east side. It was a public settlement begun 
by Sir Thomas Dale about Christmas in 1613. It was first 
known as Bermuda (*ity, hut the name Avas soon changed to 
Charles City in honor of Prince Charles, afterwards King 
Charles I. In IMarch, 1G17, the three years' time of service of 
the iiicorjiorators of Bernuida City expired, and they being freed 
"with humble thanks to God, fell cheerfully to their own particu- 
lar labors." 

Here it was, in 1621. that the eompau}" proposed to erect the 
East India School, which was to be a feeder to the college at 
Henrico. 

The place is spoken of in the records of Prince George county 
in 1730 as ''City Point," i. e., "Charles City Point." On April 
24, 1781, the British force landed here under General Phillips 
and captured Petersbiirg. 

lu the war of 186] -"65 it Avas an important military de]iot for 



James River. 131 

Grant's army. Grant had his headquarters here. On the Ap- 
pomattox is the residence of the Epes family, called '"Appomat- 
tox," which has been in the Epes family since it was first pat- 
ented by Colonel Francis Epes in 1635. President Lincoln 
was here on a visit to General Grant when Eichmond was evacu- 
ated. It is connected with Petersburg by a railroad. 

Appomattox River. 

It received its name from the Appomattox Indians. In the 
Algonrpiin language "Appomattox" means "a sinuous tidal 
estuary."' But as their chief to'wni was rather below Turkey 
Island Bend (Presque Isle), the name Appomattox was applica- 
ble rather to the James than to the Appomattox. In the course 
of time the Appomattox country of the James River came to be 
called the "Curls of the River*' by the English. Up the Appo- 
mattox is a number of fine old plantations: Cawsons, formerly 
a seat of the Blands, and the birthplace of John Randolph. 
Brondtvay, named for Alexander Broadway, an early settler, and 
Matoax, a mile from Petersburg, which was the residence of 
John Randolph, father of John Randolph of Roanoke. 

Bermuda Hundred. 

I'his place lies in Chesterfield county, near the mouth of the 
Appomattox across from City Point. This was laid out by Sir 
Thomas Dale at the time Bermuda City, or Charles City, was 
laid out. Dale had been wrecked not long before on the Bermuda 
Islands in the Sea Venture, and he named the place Bermuda 
"by reason of the strength of the situation," which likened it to 
those coral girt islands. He annexed to it many miles of "cham- 
pion and wood land in several hundreds, as Roehedale Hundred 
(afterwards known as the neck of land in Cliarles Citv, and now 
as 'Jones" Xeck'), the Upper and Nether Hundreds (Curls ISTeck 
and Bei-inud.i), West's Sherley Hundred (Sliirly) and Digges' 
Hundred."' 

In the first General Asseml)ly the plantations of Bermuda 
Hundred, Sherly Hundred and Charles City were represented 
by Samuel Sharpe and Samuel Jordan. 

On May 2, 1781, the British forces under Generals Phillips 
and .Arnold, returning from tlieir attack on Petersl)urg. em- 
Itarked at Bermuda Huiidred. 



132 The Cradle of the Eepublic. 

For many years ])revious to the war, Ijcfore the upper portion 
of the river was deepened, this was an important shipping point, 
and was the port of Eichmond for large vessels. 

In 1864, General Butler, with a force of thirty thousand men, 
was, in the language of General Grant, ^'bottled up" here by the 
Confederates, and his troops rendered useless for offensive opera- 
tions. Just outside of tliis peninsula may still be seen many 
heavy outworks thrown up l)y him. Bermuda Hundred is now 
the terminus of the Farmville and Powhatan Railroad. 
Neck of Land, or Rochedah Hundred. 

This place is no\\- known as Jones' Neck. It was a part of 
Dale's settlement in 1G13, and was first called Rochedale Hun- 
dred, afterwards "N"eck of Land in Charles City" to distinguish 
it from "jSTeck of Land'" in James City county. A creek on the 
western side still retains the name of Rochedale (*reek. In 1624 
there were forty-one persons living here. 

On the west side of Jones' iSTeck is "Meadowville," the hand- 
some estate of Mrs. Louise J. Barney, originally called "Hard- 
ings." 
GatesviUe. 

In 1720, the name of Dale I*arish was given very appropriately 
to tliat part of Henrico county on the south side of the river, the 
scene especially of Dale's labors. 

The Glebe of Dale l*arish (one hundred acres) was opposite to 
the present Farrar's Island, and in 1761 an act was passed 
authorizing tlie division of this land into lots for a town to l)e 
called GnicsriUe (in honor of Sir Thomas Gates, who was Sir 
Thomas Dale's superior officer). In April, 1781, the British 
forces captured and destroyed here about twenty-five vessels 
loaded Avith tobacco, flour, etc. On April 27, 1781, after a hot 
action with the British, the vessels of the small Virginia navy 
then in James River, were captured and destroyed about four 
miles above Gatesville. After this the little town of GatesviUe 
ceased t(^ be mentioned, and the wharf near by is now known as 
Osborne's. For a numl)er of years this was the shipping point 
for coal from the Clover Hill mines, in Chesterfield county. 
Shefp eld's Phnitafioii. 

Three mil(>s from Falling Creek. Thomas Sheffield was slain 
here in 1622. 



James Riveh. 133 

Drcirri/'s BhijJ. 

The fort ificiit ions lien? in 1861-'65 dofciided Eichiiioiul from 
approach hy the river. 

Falling Creek-. 

This creek was the site of the first iron worlds in America. In 
1619, Sir Edwin Sandys informed the London Company of one 
Mr. King, wlio was to go with fifty persons to Virginia and set 
up iron works tlicre, and tlie same year one Imndred fifty expert 
worknu'ii. cliieiiy from Warwickshire and Staffordshire, were 
sent o^•er for the purpose. Tliese works cost the company four 
thousand pounds, equivalent to one liundred thousand doUars in 
present money. They were first under tlie cliarge of Captain 
Bluett, who was provided with everything necessary, but, he 
dying shortly after his arrival, the care of the iron industry was 
committed to John Berkeley, son of Sir John Berkeley, of the 
castle and manor of Beverston, in Gloucestershire, an eminent 
branch of the noble family of the Berkeleys of Berkeley Castle. 
The iron was made from bog ore found in the vicinity, and it was 
reported that "no better iron existed in the world."' Unfortu- 
natel}', in 1G22, the works were broken up by the Indians, wdio 
killed Berkeley and all his employees, except a boy and a girl, 
who managed to hide in the bushes. Since the year 1700, at 
least, there has been a grist mill on this creek, and one still 
exists near a picturesque little fall. Colonel Archibald Cary 
owned mills upon the creek at the time of the Revolution, which 
were destroyed by Tarleton. 

Ampthill. 

This was the estate of Colonel Archibald Cary, wlio was chair- 
man of the committee wdiich drafted the first Declaration of 
Rights and State Constitution in America in 1776. The house, 
a fine square brick building, is still standing. 

Wani-ick. 

The chimney standing on the right bank of the river near 
Ampthill marks the old site of the village of "Warwick, established 
in the twenty-second year of the reign of George II. While the 
bar abo\'e the place remained in the river, it was a place of much 
in)portance. At tlie time of the Revolution there were here mills, 
warehouses, storehouses, rope-walks and a ship-building yard. 



134 The Cradle oe the Eepublic. 

which were all destroyed by the British in 1781. Cliastellux, 
who was here in 1782, describes it, nevertheless, as a charming 
I)laee, "where a group of handsome houses form a sort of village, 
and there are several superb ones in the neighborhood, among 
others that of Colonel Cary, on the right bank of the river, and 
Mr. Eandolph on the opposite shore." 

Goodes Creel'. 

I^amed from John Goode, who was a supporter of Bacon in 
167G. The name of his place is "Whitby," through which the 
creek runs. 

N'oRTii Side. 
The Falls and Powhatan. 

After the landing at Jamestown Island, ^lay 14, 1607, Presi- 
dent Wingiield, in accordaiice with instructions from the Lon- 
don C!oni])any, sent a body of men in a shallop for the purpose of 
discovering the river above them. They loft Jamestown on May 
21, 1607. under Captain Newport, and reached an island three 
miles distant from the falls. Opposite to this island, on a high 
hill separated from the river by a meadow of two hundred acres, 
in which were planted Indian corn, tobacco, pumpkins, gourds 
and other vegetables, was an Indian village called Powhatan, 
consisting of about ten or twelve houses. The description of the 
place corresponds, Mr. Traylor thinks, with either the present 
"Marion Hill,'' or "Tree Hill" plantation. This was the native 
country of the Indian Werowance Powhatan, but the chief here 
at this time was Parahunt, a son of Powhatan, called Tanxpow- 
hatan (Little Powhatan). 

After the arrival of the Tliird Supply in August, 1609, Cap- 
tain John Smith, in the absence of Sir Thomas Gates, the new 
governor, who was wrecked on the Bernnida Islands, sent Cap- 
tain Francis West with o]ie hundred men to form a settlement 
at the falls. West purchased a site from the Indians, and called 
his settlement Fort West. After a time Captain Jolin Smith 
cajne up the river, and finding West absent ordered the settlers to 
move to the hill on which the Indian t(Mvn was situated, which 
he purchased from the Indians, and called Xonsuch.^ After a 

^ Smith states that liis puicliase price for Xoiisiu-h was some cop- 
per and a promise to protect tlie Tanx Powhatan from the ]Monacans or 



Ja^iks Kivi:i;. 135 

while West retiu'iu'd, and not liking this iutei'fcrenee of Smith's, 
ordered the company hack to their original settlement. But 
here the}- were attacked hy the Indians, and the settlement was 
ahandoiied altogether. 

After the second massacre, in KUi, a fort was Iniilt near this 
place. It was rebuilt in 1G7G. 

Finally Captain A\'illiani J>yrd became possessed of much of 
the land in this vicinity; and his son, Colonel William Byrd, 
had at the falls several mills. In 1742, Eichmond, having been 
surveyed by Col. William Mayo, was established as a town on land 
belonging to Colonel Byrd. A mile below is a place called Pow- 
hatan, lo]ig the home of the Mayos, who came from Barbadoes to 
Virginia. 

All maud's Creel-. 

Two and a half miles ])elow the falls; called from Samuel 
Allmond, who patented lands there in 1639. 

Tree Hill 

Formerly the residence of Colonel Miles Selden (died May 18, 
1811), and for a long time celebrated for its race-track. 

Cliatsworih. 

This wiis formerly the seat of Colonel Peter Kandolph (son 
of Colonel William Eandolph, Jr.), member of the Council and 
Surveyor-General of the Customs (died 1767). The last male of 
this immediate branch was Mr. William B. Eandolph, who died 
since the war. This was the birthplace of Beverly Eandolph, 
Governor of Virginia; of Colonel Eobert Eandolph, of Eastern 
Vieiv, Fauquier county, Va., ancestor of the present Bishop Ean- 
dolph, of Virginia, and also the birthplace of Mrs. Fitzhugh, of 
''Chatham,'" grandmother of Mrs. General Eobert E. Lee. 

Wilton. 

Colonel William Eandolph, son of Colonel William Eandolph, 
of Turkey Island, built the present brick mansion early in the 
eighteenth centnry. It stands nearly opposite to Falling Creek, 

Manakins wlio lived aliovo the falls, but Henry Spelman says that 
Smith sold iiiin for the place. Probably both stories are true. Smith 
attached but little importance to a small boy like Spelman, and handed 
h*m over without compunction, and did not deem the matter worth men- 
tionin;.'. Spelman naturally viewed the matter differently. 



136 The Cradle of the Eepublic. 

on the other .side. The best known of his descendants who lived 
here was Inncs Randolph, tlie poet, and Anne Randolph, who 
married Colonel Benjamin Harrison, of Brandon, who was a 
member of the first State Executive Council (1776). She was 
a noted belle of the period just prior to the Revolution, and was 
referred to as Nancy Wilton. 

ChnfP'ifs Bluff. 

Fortified by the Confederates in 18()1-*G5. Xcxt below is 
"Ne^^'stead," location (^f the Confederate signal station. 

Farnir's Ishnul (ntd Dutch Gap. 

In June, 1011, Sir Thomas Dale went up James River to 
search for a new site for the chief town, the London Company 
having- become dissatisfied with Jamestown. The Privy Council 
had already named the proposed site, "Henrico," in honor of 
Henry, oldest son of King James I. In September, IGll, Avith 
permission from Sir Thomas Gates, who had in the meantime 
arrived as Governor, Dale went up to Henrico, and began the 
settlement on the Peninsula (now an island), known afterwards 
as Farrar's Island, after William Farrar, who patented it. He 
cut a ditch across the neck (Dale's Dutch Gap), such as he had 
learned to make while campaigning in Holland, and strongly 
faced it with palisades. There were in the town three streets of 
well-framed houses, and a church of timber. The foundations 
of the houses were of brick made on the spot by the brickmakers 
bi'ought by Gates from EnglaiuL For the town's security, there 
were five blockhouses upon the verge of the river. In the main, 
two miles from the town, they ran a pale from river to river two 
miles long. Across the river they impaled the bend west of 
Henrico called Coxendale, which was secured by several forts, 
called Charity Fort, Mount Malado, being a retreat or guests' 
home for sick people ; Elizabeth Fort, and Fort Patience. In 
Coxendale ]\Ir. Alexander Whitaker, son of the celebrated Dr. 
William Whitaker, a Puritan divine, had his parsonage. Ber- 
muda City was distant from Henrico by Avater fourteen miles, 
but Ijy land only five miles. 

fn the first General Assembly Henrico and Coxendale, together 
with Arahateck just above Henrico, was represented by John 
Dowse and John Polentine. But the place did not flourish, and 



James Kivki;. 137 

ill 1(»1!» it was i-c|)()rt('(l as eoiilaiiiiii.i:' only "two or tlirce old 
liouses, a poore riiinatt'd (.'liurcli, with soiiu' few poor buildings 
in the island."^ Indeed, the tendency of Virginia life, due to the 
cultivation of tol)acco, was to the country, and not to the city. 

At Henrico it was pro])Osed in 1018 to build a college, and ten 
thousand acres of land were appropriated to the purpose. The 
first rector was to be the Hev. Patrick Copland, while George 
Thorpe was made superintendent of the buildings and plantation. 
The Indians in 1622 ])ut a stop to the project by almost wii)ing 
the place out of existence. So the ])roject was abandoned, aid 
A'irginia waited many years for a college. Finally, in 1693, Dr. 
James Blair, who was minister of this same parish from 1685 to 
1694, inspired dou1)tless l)y the early memories of the place, con- 
summated the original design, though the General Assembly 
chose Williamsburg, many miles distant from Henrico, as the seat 
of the college. 

In this locality the river curls about in great loops, and to 
avoid the Confederate battery at the extreme end of Farrar's 
Island, called Howlett's Battery, General Butler attempted, in 
1864, to deepen Dale's old ditch, so as to admit a passage from 
the rear to the river above. The work, however, owing to the 
Confederate sharp-shooters, was not completed at this time, l)ut 
in 1871-'T2 engineers deepened it to its present practicable con- 
dition. 

Yarina. or Aiken's Landing. 

A little more than a mile below the l^utcli Gap Canal is Va- 
rinci, so named, it is said, because of the superior character of 
the tobacco raised in the neighborhood, which resembled a high- 
price Spanish tobacco called Varind. This was long the county- 
seat of Henrico, and here, it is said, resided, after their marriage, 
John Rolfe and I'ocahontas. At Varina was also the Glebe of 
Henrico Parish, where resided James Blair, who founded Wil- 
liam and ^lary College, and William Stith, another of its presi- 
dents, who wrote the History of Virginia. Some forty years 
ago the sites of the glebe, court-house, jail and tavern were 
pointed out. Under the name of Aiken's T^anding, Varina was 
well known during the war of 1861-"65 as a place of exchange of 
prisoners. 



138 The Cuadle of the IiKpublic. 

Four Mile Creel:. 

Opposite to the ])oi]it of ""The Xeek of Land," or Jones' Neck. 
It receives its name from its distance — fonr miles — from Hen- 
rico (Farrar's Island). 

Curls Neck. 

Tliis ])]aee obtaiirs its name from tlie '"curls"" of tlie river, 
wliicli twists about in this locality in a most surprising manner. 
To go six miles from Farrar's Island to City Point, the river 
takes a course of sixteen miles. Curls JSTeck was at first divided 
into a number of small farms, which gradually became consoli- 
dated. Chief among the inhabitants here in 1670 was the famous 
Nathaniel Bacon, Jr. In 1(398, William Kandolpli of Turkey 
Island patented "two certain tracts of land in the county of 
Henrico — one tract called Curies, formerly Longfield. the other 
called the Slashes,"'' containing togetlier tweh'e Imndred and 
thirty acres, "/(//c in Ihe seizin nnil inherihincc of Xathaniel 
Bacon, Jun., Esq., deced, and found lo esrlieal to his most sacred 
Majesty bij the attainder of the said Nathaniel Bacon. Junr., of 
high treason." William Eandolph purchased the land for one 
hundred and fifty pounds. "Longfield,"' originally containing 
fonr hundred acres, was first patented by Edward Gurgany Octo- 
ber 1, 16 IT, and was bec^ueathed, in 1619, by his widow. Ann 
Gnrgany, to Captain Thomas Harris, who patented it with tliree 
hundred acres additional in Jul}^, 1G3T. 

William Randolph, of Turkey Island, became the owner of a 
large part of the Neck, and he left it to his son, Richard Ran- 
dolph, grandfather of John Randol})h of Roanoke. In later 
years the estate, containing three thousand acres, l)ecame one 
of the numerous plantations of Major William Allen, of Clare- 
mont. The present owner is Charles H. Senff, Esq. 

Bremo and, Malvern If ill. 

Bremo was patented by Colonel Richard Cocke in 1639, and 
continued tiie residence of the Cockes for nearly two hundred 
years. Near by, just back of Turkey Island, is another estate of 
the Cockes, called "Malvern IHll," after some liills in England 
of that name, which divide the counties of Hereford and Wor- 
cester. The old dwelling house at Malvern Hill is still standing, 
and is described as "one of the best specimens of colonial archi- 



,Iami:s Kivkk. 139 

tccturc." Il \\;is lici'c tluit one of llii' iintst Siin,>;'iiiii;ii'v coiillicts 
of tlie war took [jlacc in ISli'.' helwccii the ai'iiiics of (iciu'i'al 
Geora'o 11 AlcClellaii ami (JciKM'al Joseph Iv .lolnistoii. 

TiirliCii J shun I. 

A sliort distance below IJreiiio is Turkey Island I'lanlation, 
so called because the lirst explorers up the I'iver I'onnd in the 
nei^uhl)oi-hood an ishmd lia\in,<>' many turkeys upon it. JUit the 
description seems more a|)plicable to the Peninsula op])i)site, 
called Presque Isle, or Turkey Island Bend. In 1G7G, Turkey 
Island was owned, in ])art at least, by Colonel James Crews, one 
of Bacon's most loyal iViends. who was hanged at the Glass-house 
near Jamestown by Sii- William Berkeley. In 1()84 Ins heirs — 
Sarah Whittington, wife of William Whittington, of London, 
(icnt., and daughter of his brother Edward Crews, and Matthew 
Crews, "citizen and haberdasher of Tjondon."" son of his brother 
Francis Crews — sold tlie land (six hundred acres) to William 
IJandolph. "dale of Warwickshire in England," a half-ne])hew of 
the poet Thomas Ilandolph and founder of the eminent Virginia 
family of Iiandolphs. AVilliam Randolph married Mary Isham, 
daughter of Henry Isham. of Bermuda Plundred, and grand- 
daughter of William Ishani. of Northamptonshire, in England. 
He had issue, nine chihli'cn : { 1) William, of Turkey Island; (3) 
Thomas, of Tuckahoe, in Goochland county; (3) Isham, of Dun- 
geness, in (ioochland ; (4) Sii' John, of Williamsburg, an emi- 
nent lawyer; (5) Colonel Ivichard. of Curls Neck; (6) Eliza- 
beth, ^\ho mai'ried ]{ichard Bland, of Jordan's; (7) ^lary, who 
married Jolin Stith. and was mother of William Stith, president 
of AVilliam and IMary College; (8) Edward, a sea captain; (9) 
Henry, who died, unmarried, in England. William Randolph 
was the <-onimon ancestor of Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall, 
Robert E. Ia'c and Edmund Randolph. The old dwelling-house 
at Turkey Island was destroyed by the gunboats of General ]\Ic- 
Clellan. when lie took refuge here with his army after "the Seven 
Days" Battles."" At one time during the late war the estate was 
owned in part liy General George E. Pickett. 

Shi, -lei/. 

'I'his place was first occu])ied in 1G13. when Sir Thomas Dale 
establish Bermuda Hundred. It was called orio-inallv West and 



140 The Ckadle of the Kepublic. 

Shirley Ihrndrcd. It was tlu' property of Thninas West. T^ord 
Delawai'e. and his hrothei's. Captain Francis West, Captain N^a- 
thaniel \\'est, and Ca])taiii John West, wlio all resided in Vir- 
ginia. I'honias West. Lord J)ela\vare, married Ceeilly, daughter 
of Sir Thomas Sherley. Early in the seventeenth century Shirley 
was patented hy (Lionel P^dward Hill. Sr., a man of great promi- 
jience in the cohniy. ]t was inherited hy his son (Jolonel E;lward 
Hill. ,]v. lie left a son. Colonel Edward Hill, and two daughters 
— one, who married Edward Chilton, the Attorney-General, but 
died without issue, and Elizabeth who married John Carter, Sec- 
retary of State, and son of Hohert (King) Carter. Colonel Ed- 
Avard Hill, third of the name, died in ]?•*() without children, and 
Shirley descended to his sister Elizalx'th Carter, aud has since 
remained in the Carter family. This was the birthplace of Anne 
Hill Carter, wife of "Jjight Horse" Harry liee, and mother of 
General Robert E. Eee. The plantation is one of the finest in 
A'irginia. and the buildings, which were erected alxmt the be- 
ginning of the eighteenth century, are elegant examples of 
colonial architecture. Among the })ortraits at Shirley is an ex- 
cellent one of Washiugtou Ity I'eale. 

Cawsey's Care. 

jSTathaniel Causey was an old s(ddier who came in the first 
supply in January, 1()(>8. He ))atented two hnndred acres, called 
"Cawsey's C ai-e," on Kinuige's Creek December 10, Ki'^O. John 
Causey sold this land in Kio-t to Colonel Walter Aston, son of 
Walter x\ston, of Longden, Stafford county, p]ngland. The lat- 
ter patented, August 12, l(!4"-3. one thousand and forty acres on 
Kimage's Creek, of which Cawsey's (*are Avas part. C^olonel 
Aston left a son, Walter, who, on Ins death in 1666, devised the 
estate to Mr. George Harris, of Westover. merchant, who. dying, 
seised of the entire tract and leaving no children, Cawsey's Care 
fell to his brother, Thomas Harris, of London, merchant. This 
last sold to C*olonel Th(unas Grendon, Jr.. of Cawsey's Care, 
who by his will, proved DecenJjer 3, 1G84, devised the same to 
W^illiam Byrd. Jr., son of A\^illiam Byrd. whereupon it became 
absorl)ed in the Byrd estate. Sarah Grendon. the wife of Colonel 
Thomas Grendon, Sr., was one of the heroines of Bacon's Re- 
bellion, being the only woman excepted from pardon in the acts 
of "indemnitee and free ]iardon." passed in lG7()-"77. 



142 The Cradle of the Eepublic. 

Berheleij. 

On Febnmrv 3, 1618-'19, the London Company granted to 
Sir William Throckmorton, Sir George Yeardley, Richard Berke- 
le}^, George Thorpe and Jolm Smyth, of Nibley — all connected 
throngh the noble lionse of the Berkeleys — a plantation in Vir- 
ginia, which became known as Berkeley Hundred. On the 4th 
of December, J 619, The Margaret arrived from Bristol at James- 
town, bringing thirty-five passengers, under the conduct of Cap- 
tain John WoodlifP. These were the first settlers of the "Town 
aiid Hundred of Berkele}^," which was located between We.st and 
Shirley's Hundred and Westover. William Tracy, to whom Sir 
William Throckmorton assigned his interests, and George Thorpe 
came over in person and succeeded Captain Woodliff in the man- 
agement of the settlement. In 1631, Eev. Eobert Pawlett, a kins- 
jnan of Lord Pawlett, was preacher at Berkeley Hundred. But in 
the massacre of 1623 nine persons Avere killed there, and the 
plantation was temporarily abandoned. In 1636, the plantation 
was patented anew by; Captain William Tucker, Maurice Thomp- 
son, George Thompson. William Harris, Thomas Deacon and 
Cornelius Loyd, of London, merchants, and Jeremiah Blackburn, 
of London, mariner, who had purchased it from the "adventurers 
of the company of Barkley Hundred." It was described as con- 
sisting of eight thousand acres, bounded east by ihe land (West- 
over) of Captain Thomas Pawlett (brother of Lord Pawlett), 
and on the west by King's Creek, and extending back into the 
woods. After some years their interests passed to John Bland, 
of London, merchant, whose only son, Giles, resided there till 
his execution in 1676 for complicity with Bacon. After this the 
estate went to Benjamin Harrison, the third of that name. He 
died April 10, 3 730. He was father of Colonel Benjamin Harri- 
son, a signer of tlie Declaration of Independence, and grand- 
father of President William Henry Harrison, who was born 
there. 

Berkeley is better known to the Northern soldiers and people 
as Harrison's Landing, which was long the headquarters of Gen- 
eral McClellan after his retreat from Malvern Hills. At that 
time there were no less than six hundred war vessels and trans- 
ports anchored in the river near by, and the river shore for miles 
was covered with tlie camps of soldiers. 



James River. 143 

Wesiover. 

At some time during the summer of 1619 Captain Francis 
West selected the site of Westovcr as the location for the lands 
of Henry "West, fourth Lord Delaware, son and heir of his 
brother Thomas West, third Lord Delaware, Governor of Vir- 
ginia. The tliree brothers of Thomas West, Lord Delaware (who 
all acted as Governors of Virginia), had separate plantations 
here — Captain Francis West, Captain John and Captain Na- 
thaniel 'Wo'^t. Only Captain John West is known to have left 
descendants in Virginia. His sou. Colonel John West, of West 
Point, was the first cliild of English parents born on York River. 

In IG'^^, six persons fell beneath the tomahawk at Westover. 
Li Fcl)riiary, 1632-"33, the re})rcsentative for Westover and 
Flower do Hundred was Captain Thomas Pawlett. In January, 
163T, Captain Pawlett ])atented two thousand acres of the plan- 
tation called Westover. 

Pawlett was brother of the first Lord Pawlett, and was born 
about 1578, and came to Virginia in 1618. He appeared in the 
first American x\ssembly at Jamesto^\ai as a representative from 
"Argall's Gift." 

Pawlett's grant describes the place as '^'two thousand acres in 
Chark's City county, bounding to the river south, northward to 
the main, eastward to the land of Captain Perrj^, west upon 
Berkeley Hundred land, extending by the river side from Herring 
Creek to a gut dividing Westover from Berkeley. 

Captain Thomas Pawlett died in 1643-'41:, and his brother 
Lord John Pawlett, in 1665-'66, sold Westover to Theodorick 
Bland, of Berkeley, brother of Jolin Bland, merchant, of London. 

He died in KiTl. when the Westover tract went to his sons, 
Theodorick and Richard Bland. In 1688, they conveyed twelve 
hundred acres of the original tract to William Byrd, Esq., son 
of John Byrd, goldsmith, of London, for three hundred pounds, 
and ton thousand pounds of tobacco. 

Captain Byrd took part with Bacon during the civil Avar in 
1676. He was living at that time near Richmond, and was 
Bacon's neighbor. At Westover. in 1690, he built a wooden resi- 
dence, and died there in 1701. 

He was succeeded by his son. Colonel William Byrd, who was 
by long odds the most accomplished man in America — statesman, 



144 The Cradle of the Republic. 

scholar and Fellow of the lioyal Society. He built the present 
noble brick mansion at Westover^ and gathered about him the 
finest library on the continent. He wrote several very enter- 
taining tracts upon Virginia, which, during the time in which 
he flourished, have no etpuil in America in literary style and 
arti stic excellence. 

BackloMd. 

This settlement adjoined Wcstover and contained the planta- 
tion of Captain George Menilie, of the Council (who in 1635 took 
a jiromincnt part in deposing Harvey), and of Captain William 
Perry (died August G, 1637), who married Isabella, widow of 
Richard Pace, of Pace's Pains. Ca])tain Henry Perry, son of 
Ca]3tain William Perry, married the daughter of C'aptain George 
Menitie, aud became possessed of the whole of Buckland. Captain 
Perry loft two daughters — Elizabetli, wlio married John Coggs, 
of Rainsli])!), Middlesex county, England, an.d ]\Iary, who mar- 
ried Thomas Mercer, a stationer of London. 

In 1766, Bnckhmd, containing ten thousand acres, was the 
property of Colonel William Cole. 

This place is now owned by the Willcox family, of Charles 
City. 

Sivlnyards. 

This place ])robably gets its name from Thomas Swinhow, 
whose wife and sons, together with four other persons, were slain 
in the massacre in 1622. Tlie name of the place appears vari- 
ously as "Swiniares," "Swineherds," "Swinyards." It was 
owned in 1769 by Colonel William Cole, who also owned Buck- 
land at that time. 

Weyanoke. 

This phice was originally knowii as "Tanks Weyanoke" (Little 
Weyanoke), being nearly opposite to the Weyanoke town on the 
other side of the river. In 1(U9 the London Company granted 
twenty-two hundred acres to Sir George Yeardley, being "all that 
piece of marsh ground called Weynock, and also one other piece 
and parcell of land adjoining to the said marsh, called l:)y the 
natives Kenwan, one parcel thereof abutteth u])on a creek called 
IMajisock to the east, and tlie other jiarcell thereof towards a 



James Kiver. 145 

creek, there called Queen's Creek, on the west, and cxtendeth in 
breadth to landward from the head of said creek called Mapsock 
up to the head of said creek called Queen's Creek (which creek, 
called Queen's Creek, is opposite to the point there which is now 
called Tobacco Point, and abutteth south upon the river and 
north to the landward)." 

About 1626, Sir George Yeardley sold Weyanoke and Flower 
de Hundred to Captain Abraham Peirse3^ In 1665 Joseph 
Ilarwood located a grant in We3'anoke, and the place descended 
for many years in the Harwood family. Major Samuel Har- 
wood was a distinguished member of the convention of 177G. 
The land descended, in part at least, to his descendants, the 
Douthats, who still reside thcre.^ 
Southampton Hundred. 

This land ran from "Tanks Weyanoke" to Chickahominy Kiver, 
and contained about eighty thousand acres. It was located in 
1617 by a powerful association of persons in England, of whom 
Sir Thomas Smith was at first the head. The Hundred was at 
first known as "Smith's Hundred," but when Sir Edwin Sandys 
became treasurer of the London Company in the place of Smith, 
Smith sold his shares, and the name in 1619 was changed to 
Southampton Hundred, in honor of the Earl of Southampton, 
who was a member. The organization was a strong one, owning 
ships, etc. 

It was represented in the first General Assembly by Captain 
Thomas Graves and Mr. Walter Shelley. 

]\Irs. ]\Iary Robinson gave two hundred pounds sterling by her 
will, jn'oved in 1618, to founding a church, and in 1619 an un- 
known person gave a silver communion cup and other ornaments 
to "St. ]\Iary's Church in Smyth's Hundred in Virginia." The 
cup is still preserved by the church at Hampton, and bears the 

'The line seems to run thus: Joseph' Harwood, living in lOtio, had 
issue Samuel" (who married Temi)erance Cocke, dau. of Capt. Thomas 
Ck)cke, Sr., of Henrico), who had issue SamueP, who married Agnes. 
Samuel's^ will was proved in Charles City in 1745 by his widow Agnes. 
He had issue SamueP, member of the State Convention 1776, who mar- 
ried Margaret Woddrop, daughter of John Woddrop, of Nansemond, and 
had Agnes^, who married Thomas Lewis, and Agnes^, who married Field- 
ing Lewis, son of Col. Warner Lewis, of "Warner Hall," and Eleanor 
Bowles. Fielding Lewis' daughter Eleanor married Robert Douthat, 
Esquire. 



146 The Ckadle of the Republic. 

Hall-iiiark IGIT, Avitli tlic inscription above mentioned. This 
plate is by long odds the oldest plate in the United States. Very- 
little is known of the associators in this Hundred after the year 
lOyS. "JMie land was divided up into parcels and granted to dif- 
ferent persons. 

Milton. 

This place, it is helie\-ed, was named for l\ichard ■Milton, who 
jjatcnted lands in Charles City county as early as 1G36. 

Shertvood Forest. 

This place reaches the river opposite to Brandon, and was the 
property in 1842 of Collier Minge, who sold the same to John 
Tyler, President of the ITnited States. Its ancient name appears 
to have been "Walnut Grove." Three miles back, near Charles 
City, Court-house, is Greemvay, the residence of Governor John 
Tyler, and birthplace of President Tyler. 

Sturgeon Point. 

This place appears to obtain its name from the sturgeons 
which were caught in great numbers in the river here. 

Bachelor's Point. 

Here resided the family of William Hunt, a sympathizer with 
Bacon, and who died in prison. His tombstone lies on the hill. 

Sandy Point. 

This place is nearly o])posite to Claremont, and is one of the 
most fertile tracts of land on the north side of the river. Here at 
the time of the arrival of the colonists was seated the Indian 
to^vn of "Paspahegh." Al)out 1700 it became the plantation of 
Colonel Philip Lightfoot, of the Council of Virginia, descended 
from Pev. Richard Lightfoot, rector of Stoke-Bruern, in North- 
amptonshire, England. It remained many years in the Lightfoot 
family. The hoiise is said to have been built in the year 1717, 
and is called "Tedington," the name of a place near London. 

Chickaliominy . 

This is an Indian name, famed in the early history as the seat 
of a numerous tribe of Indians who preserved a quasi-in depen- 
dence of Powhatan. At the head of this river, perhaps in New 
Kent county, John Smith was captured in 1607. During the war 



James Rivek. 147 

hetwcfii til" States its extensive swamps aud morasses played an 
important ])art in dt'tcrniining military results. 

Clovvnior's Land. 

In 1619, three thousand acres were laid out as the Governor's 
Land, extending from the Chickahominy to Jamestown, on the 
land "formerly conquered or purchased of the Paspahegh In- 
dians." It was tilled at first by employees of the London Com- 
pany for the support of the Governor's oiTice. After the revoca- 
tion of the eliartor in K)'?-!, the land was leased on long terms 
of ninety-nine years to individuals, with a nominal rent. This 
system kept up till after the Revolution, when the Legislature, 
in May, 1784, vested '"'the lands near Jamestown, in the county 
of James City, and all the lots and houses in said city, which are 
the property of the commonwealth, and not yet granted*' in the 
College of William and ifary. 

ArgalVs Gift or Toicn. 

Tliis place was located in IGIT al)out a mile from Jamestown 
towards Chickahominy. Captain Argall contracted with some 
of the .Martin"^ Hundred jK^ople to cut down the wood on three 
hundred acres for six hundred poimds, and Captain William 
Powi'U to clear the ground and put tt]) houses for fifty pounds. 
In Julv. 1G19, they were represented in the first House of Bur- 
gesses by Captain Thomas Pawlett and Mr. Gourgainey. But in- 
asmufli a'; this tract was embraced in the district appointed by 
the conijiany this year for the Governor's Land, tlic people ])e- 
titioiu'd the Assembly for relief from payment to Captain Argall. 
Their petition was granted, and the place appears to have been 
abandoned. It was doubtless in this clearing, called "Paspahegh 
old fields,*' that Bacon made his last halt preparatory to attack- 
ing Jamestown. '"'In the evening." says the Narratirr. "Bacon, 
with his small tyred Body of men. his forlorne nuirching some 
distance before, comes into Paspahayes old fields, and advancing 
on horsebacke himself on the Sandy Beech before the Towne com- 
ands the trumpets to sound. Fires his Carbyne, dismounts, sur- 
veys tbe (Jround, and orders a French worke to be cast up." 

Jaivefiloii'ii. 

Distant about sixty-eiglit miles from Pichmond. Of tliis place 
I have alreadv written at length. 



148 The Cradle of the PiEruBLic. 

Nech of Land. 

This was the country between the Back Kiver and Powhatan 
Creek, north of Jamestown Ishmd. There were living tliere in 
1621 sixteen persons, of whom Eichard Kingsmill was the most 
prominent. It was represented in the General Assembl}^ in 1629 
by Eichard Brewster, and in 1632 by Lieutenant Thomas 
Crumpe, who married Elizabeth, daughter of Eev. Eichard 
Buck. 

Arcliers Hope. 

This was a term to embrace an extensive country on both sides 
of Archer's Hope Creek. The country between the mouth of 
Back Eiver and Archer's Hope Creek was divided into three parts 
— the Glebe Land, Archer's Hope proper, and Fowler's Neck. 
The Indians killed here, in 1622, at Ensign Spence's house, five^ 
persons, including William Fairfax, an ancient i^lanter. In 
1619, William Sj)ence and Jolui Fowler patented five hundred 
acres here, bounded on the west by the Glebe Land, and on the 
east by Fowler's Neck. This land was assigned by Thomas and 
Sarah Brice to Eoger Webster, and it Avas confirmed in 1646, 
under the name of "Archer's Hope," by grant, to his three daugh- 
ters, Lucy, Judith and Jane Webster. 

The following order, entered by the general court of the 
colony, is preserved : 

A Court at James Citty the 17th of September 1627 prsent Sir George 
Yeardley, kut. (Governor, Dr. Pott, C'apt. Smytli and ]\Ir. Secretary: 
Divers examinaeons being taken and had concerning the unquiett life 
■\vch ye people of Archers Hope lead through the scoldinges raleings and 
fallings out wth Amy the wife of Christopher Hall and other abominable 
eontencons liappening between them to tlie dishon'' of God and tlie breach 
of the Kings peace, the Court hath thereupon ordered that the said Amy 
shall be toughed round about the Marf/arrtt ioid Jolni and dm-ked tliree 
times and further that Christopher Hall, John Upton, Robert Fitt and 
William Harrison and Amy the wife of the said Christopher Hall and 
Ann the wife of the said Eobet Fitt shall be all bound unto their good 
behaviour and to ajipear at ye Quarter Court after Christmas. 

Kiiu/sniill. 

This plantation gets its name from Eichard Kingsmill, who 
had three hundred acres patented in Archer's Hope (on the east 



James Eiver. 149 

^idc of the creek), in 1626. A patent in 1637 to Humphrey Hig- 
ginson for "Tuttey's Neck," in James City county, describes it 
as separated from Kingsmill Xeck by a branch of Archer's Hope 
Creek. Elizabeth Kingsmill, daughter of Eichard Kingsmill, 
married, first, Colonel William Tayloe, and, secondly, Colonel 
Nathaniel Bacon, St., of the Covmcil. The latter had no chil- 
dren, and left Kingsmill to his niece, Abigail Smith, who mar- 
ried Lewis Burwell. His son, Lewis Burwell, built an elegant 
lu'ick mansion here, whicli was standing about 180U. 

Litth'foivN. 

Tliis adjoined Kingsmill, and in March, 1633, it was the resi- 
dence of Captain George JMenifie, of the Council, one of the 
greatest merchants in Virginia. He had a garden of two acres on 
the river side, and it was full of roses of Provence, apple, pear 
and cherry trees, the various fruits of Holland, with different 
kinds of sweet smelling herbs, such as rosemary, sage, marjoram 
and thyme. He had growing around the house plenty of peach 
trees, which astonished his visitors very much, for they were not 
to be seen on the coast any\\'here else. Here the Governor some- 
times held court. In 1661, Littletown was the residence of Col. 
Thomas Pettus, of the Council. He married the widow of 
Richard l_)urant, and his widow, Elizabeth, married Captain John 
Grove, who died in 1671. Captain Thomas Pettus, Jr.'s, widow, 
^Mourning, married James Bray, Jr., and thus the place de- 
scended in the Bray family till 1752, when, on the death of Col- 
onel Thomas BraA', Littletown descended to his daughter, Eliza- 
beth, who married Colonel Philip Johnson. Elizabeth Johnson, 
daughter of James Bray Johnson, son of Colonel Philip Johnson, 
married Chancellor Samuel Tyler, who died in 1812. 

Utopia Bottoms. 

Adjoining Littletown are some deep ravines and bottoms, once 
owned by the poet George Sandys, called, in a patent granted to 
him, "Utopia," and still known as "Utopia Bottoms." 

Wareham Ponds. 

These ponds constituted the east boundary of Harrop Parish, 
and the west bounds of Martin's Hundred. 



150 The Cradle of the Eepublic. 

Martin s Ilniidred. 

This was the j)lantation of the Society of Martin's Hundred,, 
organized at the cliarge of certain lords, knights and gentlemen 
in England. They got a grant in 1618 from the parent eom})any 
— the London Company — for eighty thousand acres, which they 
located in the east end of James City county on the east side of 
Skiff es (Keith's) Creek. It was named ]\[artin*s Hundred, in 
honor of Ivichard Martin, Esq., an attorney for the London 
Company, and a leading memher of the society. In October, 
1618, tlie Society of Martin's Hundred sent the Gift of God to 
Virginia with about two hundred and fifty settlers for the planta- 
tion, and they arrived in Virginia about January or March, 1619. 

On Jidy 31, 1619, Martins Hundred was represented in tlie 
first Virginia Assembly by Mr. John Boys and John Jackson. 

In the massacre of March 23, 1682, the colony here suffered 
seA^erely. Seventy-eight persons were slain, and IMartin's Hiin- 
dred was temporarily abandoiied; but in February. 1625, three 
years later, twenty-four persons were living there. 

In January, 1625, there were about thirty-one persons resi- 
dent there, of whom Mr. William Harwood was head. ]\Iartin's 
Hundred was represented in the Legislature, until counties were 
formed in ]634. 

Till the Revolution, it constituted a distinct parish, and the 
foundations of the church may yet be seen on the roadside going 
into the Neck. In Martin's Hundred, Robert Carter had a 
plantation on James River, called "Carter's Grove," which be- 
came the residence of his grandson. Carter Burwell, whose house, 
a handsome brick structure, is still standing. It is now the prop- 
erty of Dr. E. Ct. Booth. 

Sl'iffes or Keith's Creel'. 

This creek derives its name from Rev. George Keith, who was 
for a time a minister at Bermuda, 1mt came to Virginia in 1617 
in the ship George. He lived in the corporation of Elizabeth City 
in 1626, where he owned one hundred acres of land. In 1624, 
Mrs. Susan Keitli was reported among the dead at Jamestown. 
She was probably liis first wife. In 1631, he was "pastor of 
Kiskiacke,'^ York county, at which time he obtained a grant of 
land on Choesman's Creek, due partly for tlie adventure of his 
wife (second wife), ]\[artha, and for liis son, John. In 1625, he- 



jA:^rEs TvivKK. 151 

was forty A^oars old, and his son John eleven j'cars old. George 
Keith may have Ix^en eonnected with the celebrated George Keith, 
who flonrishod at the close of the century. He was at first an 
eminent Quaker, but, renouncing tliat faith, was equally as emi- 
nent as a jninister of the Established Church, and as an author. 
His daughter, Anne, married George Walkci-. of Ilam|i1oii. \a., 
whom Keith visited in ITOI. She was still li\iiig in 1T"^8, when 
the Quaker preacher, iJev. Saiuucl Bownas, visited Hampton. 
Her daughter, Margaret. iiiari-i(Ml Tlionias Wythe, a magistrate 
of Klizabetli City county. Their sou was the celchratiMl (ieorge 
Wythe, distingnislicd (Mnially as a statesman, a jui'ist, and a pro- 
fessor of law in William and Mary College. He was taught 
(ircek by his mothei', ^largai'ct (Walker) Wytlie, and became an 
accomjjlished scholar, lie was the first ]»i-ofessor of law in the 
United States. 

Mulherrij Island. 

LdvC Jamestown and ilenrico, this, at the time the settlers 
came, was not an island, and is not an island now. It gains 
a place in our early history as being the point where, on June 
8, 1610, Captain Edward Brewster, commanding the pinnace 
Virginia^ met Sir Thomas Gates and the Jamestown colony on 
their way back to England, and gave the command from Lord 
Delaware for their return. In January, 1625, the place was 
occupied by thirty of Captain William Pierce's company. 

There was a grant here, before 1626, for seventeen hundred 
acres to John Iiolfe, who married Pocahontas. In 1635, Eev. 
Willis Heyley, "clarke and ]iastor of Mulberry Island,"' received 
a grant of t^'o hundred and fifty acres, and the consideration 
was stated to lie two-fold, viz., "his faithful pains in the Minis- 
trie exemplified by a godly and quiet life, thereby seconding his 
doctrine, and next as a spur and encouragement for others of his 
calling to pursue so fair and bright an example." It seems that 
Robert Poole had three hundred acres in 162T on Warwick Eiver, 
adjoining Stanley Hundred above, and that below him. at the 
mouth of the Warwick River, was Lieutenant Gilbert Peppet, 
with two hundred and fifty acres of land. 

The churcli of ^lullx'i-ry Island was said to be west of Robert 
Poole's land. 



152 The Cradle of the Republic. 

By the side of the road going from Lee Hall into Mulberry 
Island is still pointed ont tlie place where an old church once 
stood. 

Staiiletj 11 u mired. 

In 1626, Sir George Yeardley, the Governor, intimated his 
intention to the Council to take u}) one thousand acres, northerly 
upon Blunt Point Eiver (Warwick River) and southerly upon the 
Main River, bounded easterly 1)y a creek which separated him 
from the land of Robert Poole and Lieutenant Peppet. Governor 
Yeardley was buried at Jamestown November 13, 1627, and on 
February 9, lG27-"8, Lady Yeardley acknowledged a sale of the 
land under the name of "Stanley"' to Lieutenant Thomas Flint, 
who accordingly pateiited it Sept. 20. 1628. It was described 
as adjoiniug the lands of John Rolfe, Esquire, and Captain 
William Pierce, in Mulberry Island. The place passed to John 
Brewer, who served as burgess for Warwick River and member 
of the Council. He returned to England, where he was '^citizen 
and grocer of London."' Brewer's will was proved in London, 
May 13, 1636, and in it he bequeathed Stanley Hundred to his 
son, John, who settled in Isle of Wight county, and has descen- 
dants on the south side. The widow of John Brewer, Sr., married 
Thomas Butler, "dark and pastor of Denbie." 

Stanley is now tlie name of one of the magisterial districts of 
Warwick county, and iiiehulcs ]\[ulberry Island. 

Denheigh. 

In 1626, Captain Samuel Mathews had lived in this neighbor- 
hood. In a ]iatent to his grandson, John, it was clescribed as con- 
sisting of twenty-nine hundred and forty-four acres, and as lying 
on the James River, Ijetween Deep Creek and Warwick River. 
His plantati(ui was first known as "]\Iathews' Manour," and after- 
wards as "Denbeigh." Captain Mathews came to Virginia in 
1622, and filled every office u]) to and including governor. A 
contenqiorary wrote in 1648 that he had a fine house, sowed much 
hemp and flax, and had it spun; kept weavers and a tannery, had 
forty negro slaves, whom he brought up to mechanical trades, and 
sowed large crops of wheat and barley. He also supplied vessels 
trading to Virginia with beef. He had plenty of cows, a fine 
dairy, and abundance of hogs and poultry, and is finally de- 



James River. 153 

scribed as one who "kept a good house, lived bravely, and was a 
true lover of Virginia.'' He married twice: (1) the daughter 
of Sir Thomas Ilinton; {'i) Frances, widow of Captain Na- 
thaniel West, brother of Lord Delaware, and widow of Captain 
Abraham Peirsey, which last, at his death, left "the best estate 
tliat ever was known in Virginia.'" 

Denbeigh, in 1678, was owned by John Mathews, "grandson of 
Samuel Mathews, Esquire." In ]629-*30, Denbeigh was repre- 
sented in the House of Burgesses by Thomas Ceeley, Christopher 
Stoakes and Thomas Key. In ]G32-*33, a public store-house was 
established at Denbeigh. Then, in 1080, a town was ordered to 
be built there, "at the mouth of Deep Creek, on ]\Ir. Mathews' 
land," and to be called Warwick Town. In 1691, this order was 
renewed, and it was stated that a brick court-house and prison, 
together with several other houses, had been there built. The 
plantation of the Digges family, on Warwick Eiver, was during 
the eighteenth century known as "Denbeigh," and a district of 
the county still goes by tliat name. 

On the road passing from Warwick Court-house to ISTewport 
News is still standing an old wooden church known as "Denbeigh 
Church." 

Nutmeg Quarter. 

Below Bhuit Point, in Warwick county. Sir Francis Wyatt had 
five hundred acres of land planted in 16'^ 6. This was called 
"Xiitmeg Quarter." It seems he increased this dividend, for in 
July, 1635, Joseph Stratton patented five hundred acres, part 
of a dividend formerly belonging to Sir Francis Wj^att. It lay 
upon the river side, and had for bounds on the southeast a piece 
of land that "did once belong to Capt. John Smith," on the 
northwest land of John Laydon, wliose marriage with Anne 
Burras Mas the first in Virginia. Xutmeg Quarter was repre- 
sented in the House of Burgesses in October, 1629, by William 
Cole and William Bently, in February, 1629-'30, by Joseph 
Stratton, and in 1632-'33, by Francis Hough. After .counties 
were formed, JSTutmeg Quarter continued a separate parish till 
1656, wlien on the petition of Captain Thomas Pritchard, in 
behalf of the majority of the inlialutants, it was united with 
Denbeisrh Parish. 



154 The Cradi,e of the Kepublic. 

Waters' Crcch. 

The name of this creek is incorrectly given in the Coast Snr- 
vey as Watts' Creek. It ■\\'as named for Captain Edward Waters, 
wlio. in Ki'^l. got a patent for one Inmdred acres on Waters'" 
Creek, "two niik'< from Blnnt l*oint."" (*a})tain Waters had an 
eventful life, lie was hoi-n in loSl. and left England for Vir- 
ginia in 1609^ in the Sea Venture, which l)ore Sir Thomas Gates^ 
The ship was wrecked on the Bermnda Islands, and Waters, with 
the rest, was conijx'lled to remain forty-two weeks till they built 
two cedar sliips, the DeJiveniuce and the Patience, and Ijy this 
means tinally reached their destination in Virginia. Shortly 
afterwards Waters returned with Sir George Somers to the island 
for hojj-s, which al)Ounded there in a wild state. Sir Georg-e 
Somers died, and liis nephew, Matthew Somers, sailed with the 
ship to England, leaving Waters and two others to hold the island 
for the King of England. During his absence, Waters and his 
companions found a gigantic ]uece of ambergris weighing one 
hundred and sixty pounds, and woi'tli one hundred and twenty 
thousand pounds sterling (aljout three million dollars in present 
money). The treasure was claimed by the London Company, 
and Waters only received a small share of its value. He re- 
mained in Bermuda nine or ten years, during which time he was 
a member of the Council. In 161S or 1619, he moved to Vir- 
ginia, and al)out 1620 married Grace O'Xeil, whose "second hus- 
band was Colonel Obedience R()l)ins, of Xorthampton county. 
At the great massacre in 1622, himself and wife were taken 
prisoners by the Nansemond Indians, but. finding a small boat, 
they secretly escaped, and ro\\ed over to Kecoughtan. In 1625, 
he was living, aged forty, on Waters' Creek, with his wife, aged 
twenty-one, and two children, William and Margaret, both born 
in Virginia. He was a captain, a Imrgess and a justice of Eliza- 
beth City county, and was vstill living in March, 1629. His 
descendants are numerous and highly respectable. 

Mary's Moiuit. 

This place lay above Newport N"ews. Upon Fel)ruary 1, 
1630, Daniel Gookin, Jr., conveyed to Thomas Addison, late ser- 
vant of Daniel, his father, one hundred and fifty acres of land; 
above N'ewport News, at the place called "Mary's ]\Iount." 



James Riveii. 155- 

Ncu;}wrt Xews. 

This place n])])c'ars on Smith's map as I'oiiu Hope. It seems to 
fieri vc its i)resent name t'i'oin I'oit Xewce, in Irehind. In Xovein- 
bOr. lii'HK the London ('ouii)any made ai-rangements with Daniel 
(xookin (brotlier of Sir VineiMit (lookin). of I'cn-t Xewce, County 
Cork. Ireland, to ti'ansport from Ireland to A'irginia eattle and 
emiizrants. On \ovenil)er 'i'i, ]G2], he landed in Virginia, 
"wholly ui)on his own adventure," forty young cattle, well and 
safely, and iifty men. besides some thirty passengers." Captain 
Thomas Xcwci' and his brother. Sir William Xewcc, had preceded 
liini to \'irgiuia from Port Xewce, and the two settled near 
" New- I'ort-Xewee," afterwards rendered " Xewport Xews." 
'J'iKnigh coming from Ireland, all three were natives of England, 

Daniel (Jookin, Sr., returned to England, leaving behind at 
Xewport Xews his son, Daniel Gookin, Jr. The latter was living 
here in 1G33, when Peter De Tries, a Dutch ship captain, visited 
the place. ])e Tries wrote that "on the 20th of March, 1633, he 
anchored at evening before 'Xewport-snuw,' where liveth a gen- 
tleman by the name of Goegen'' (Gookin). He found there a 
fine spring, wh(M-(» all the ships stopped to take in water. Daniel 
Gookin, Jr.. who was a Puritan in his sympathies, left Tirginia 
in May, 1614, and became one of the most prominent men of 
Boston, Mass. IFis tombstone is at Cambridge with this inscrip- 
tion : 

Here lyetli Interred 

ye botly of 

MAJOR GENERAL DANIEL GOOKIN 

Aged / 5 

who departed this life 

ye 19th March 1686-7. 

Pie and John Gookin. who was a prominent resident of Lower 
Xorfolk county, Ta., and undoubtedly a brother, conveyed Xew- 
port Xews, nominally containing twenty-five hundred acres, to 
John Chandler, who sold the same to Captain Benedict Stafford, 
from whom the land escheated to the crown. It was then 
patented anew by Colonel William Cole and Captain Roger Jones, 
which last assigned his interest to Cole. who. on April 20, 1685, 
obtained a patent for the same in his own name. Upon an exact 



156 The Cradle of the Hepublic. 

survey, it was found to contain only fourteen hundred and thirty- 
one acres, whereof twelve hundred and seventeen (twelve hundred 
and fifteen ?) lay in Warwick county, and two hundred and six- 
teen acres lay in Elizabeth City county. Susanna Cole, daughter 
of Colonel William Cole, married Colonel Dudley Digges, of 
York county, son of Governor Edward Digges, and grandson of 
Sir Dudley Digges, Master of the Rolls to King Charles I. In 
lv69, Newport News was owned by William Digges, a descen- 
dant, who held it for many years. 

The wisdom of Daniel Gookin in selecting it, as the site of his 
2)ro]30sed town, has been vindicated in our day by the phenomenal 
growth within a few years of a city of twenty-five thousand in- 
habitants. 

0£E Newport News occurred, on the 8th of March, 1862, the 
battle between the Federal fleet, supported by the batteries at 
Newport News, and the Confederate iron-clad, Virginia, or Mer- 
rimac. Although the latter was many times outnumbered in 
men and guns, she, for the first time in the history of the world, 
'demonstrated the su]:»eriority of an iron-clad vessel in a contest 
with wooden ones, no matter how formidable and well equipped. 
On the next day she encountered the Monitor — a vessel much 
more heavily armored than the Merrimac, and scarcely present- 
ing any surface above water. Nevertheless, it is the official 
■statement of the captain of the Federal frigate, Minnesota, that 
the Monitor first retired from the scene of battle towards Old 
Point. Twice afterwards the Merrimac returned to the Roads, 
on the 11th of April, 1862, and May 8, 1862; but in each case 
the j\[onitor. though supported by the Stevens Battcnj. the Nau- 
gatudi-, and other iron ships, declined to engage the redoubtable 
Tessel. Till IMay 10, 1862, the Merrimac protected both the en- 
trance to the Elizabeth River and to the James, and thus seciu-ing 
the right wing of General Joseph E. Johnston's army on the 
Peninsula, she was destroyed by the Confederates on May 11th, 
after Johnston's left wing on the York River had been turned, 
and he was forced to retire up the Peninsula. 

Kecouglitan. or Hampton. 

This name applied to an Indian district as well as an Indian 
town. Because the Kecoughtan Indians killed Humphrey Blunt 



^£M 




158 The CitADLE or the Republic. 

at Blunt Point, Sir Thomas Gates, on July 9, IGIO, drove the 
wcrowance, Pochins, and his tribe away, and built two forts at 
the mouth of the river of Kecoughtan — Fort Henry and Fort 
Charles, named in honor of the sons of King James I. In 1619, 
on the 23etition to the House of Burgesses of the inhabitants, who 
did not like the heathen name of Kecoughtan, the name Eliza- 
beth City (from Elizabeth, King James' daughter) was given to 
one of the four great corporations, in which all the settlements 
w^re included. The capital city, Elizabeth City, was to be on 
Southampton River, so named in 1610 in honor of Henry 
Wiiothesley, Ivirl of Southampton, the patron of Shakespeare, 
and the honor of his age. Afterwards Elizabeth City was the 
name given, in 1634, to the present county. 

The name Kecoughtan, however, adhered to the country 
around Southampton River during the whole of the seventeenth 
century. Tlie town of Hampton (from Southampton) was not 
regularly established till 1680, when it was laid out on the west 
side of the Hampton River, on the land of Captain Thomas 
Jarvis. a ship captain, who married Elizabeth, the widow of N'a- 
thaniel Bacon, Jr., and daughter of Sir Edward Duke. 

The first church at Elizabeth City appears to have been on the 
east of Hampton River. There was a creek called Church Creek, 
and in 163T Rol)ert Partin leased "40 acres south on the Fort 
Field, and north towards the church." The first minister was 
Rev. William ]\[ease, who came with Gates in 1610. and lived ten 
years in Virginia. Another early minister was Rev. Jonas Stock- 
den, who came to Virginia in 16'?0. He was the son of Rev. 
William Stockden, or Stockton, of Barkewell, County Warwick, 
England, and tlie author of a letter, several times printed, which 
forewarned the colonists of the massacre of 1623, and announced 
the belief of the futility of any attem]it to civilize or convert the 
Indians, until tlieir head men were jmt to death. He ai^jiears to 
have been the earliest exponent of the idea that "the only good 
Indian is a dead Indian." In September, 162T, he leased fifty 
acres of the company's land near the "Indian House Thicket." 
"The company's land — three thousand acres — was on the easterly 
side of Southampton River, and there, too, was the glebe land, of 
one hundred acres, and the common land, of fifteen hundred 
acres. Major Thomas Tal)I)"s bouse and lot are now on the old 



James River. 159 

£;lebe land. In 1644, Rev. William Wilkinson had land near the 
Strawberry Banks and Buck Roe.^ 

The lands from the mouth of Hampton River, stretching along 
Mill Creek, were the public lands already referred to. Here, 
commanding the mouth of ]:Lam])ton River in 1010, were Fort 
Henry and Fort Charles, "a musket shot apart."' The field to the 
cast of Fort Henry was known as the Fort Field, then succeeded 
the Strawberry Banks, on Mill Creek, and beyond them, towards 
the Bay, Buck Roe. In Buck Roe were seated in 1621 the French 
Vignerons sent over to instruct the people how to raise grapes 
to better advantage, and how to make wine. These men had been 
selected by John Bonall, silkworm-raiser to the King at Oakland, 
England, and had been sent over l)y him, under the charge of his 
kinsman, Anthony Bonall. 

About the year 1607, the church at I'embroke Farm was built 
on the west of Hampton. In that year a burial took place in the 
"Old Church" of Kecouglitan, and one at the "Xcw Church" of 
Kecoughtan. 

About ] 704, the new church was so out of repair that services 
were held in the court-house. On July 1, 1715, permission was 
granted by Alexander Spotswood, the Governor, for the justices 
to remove from their old court-house and build a new one in 
Hampton Town, and land was purchased from Captain William 
Boswell for this purpose in 1716. 

When John Fontaine visited Hampton, in 1716, it was a place 
of one hundred houses, but "it had no church." It was the place 
of greatest trade in Virginia, and "all the men of war commonly 
lay before this arm of the river." The inhabitants drove a great 
trade with Xew York and Pennsylvania, and lived in great com- 

^ The ministers in Elizabotli City appear to have been: Rev. Wil- 
liam Mease. 1(510-1020: Francis Bolton, 1621; Jonas Stoekden, 1627; 
William Wilkinson. 1()44 : Philip Mallory, 1664; Justinian Aylmer, 
l(i6.i-l(i()7 : Jeremiah Taylor, 1(')()7-1677 : John Page, 1677-1()S7; Cope 
Doyley, 1687-1691 : James Wallace. 1691-1712; Andrew Thompson, 1712- 
1719: James Falconer, 1724: William Fife, 1731 ; Thomas Warrington, 
17o()-1770: William Selden, 1770: John bpooner (died 1779, age 42); 
William Nixon, 1783; Henry Skyren (born in Whitehaven, England, 
and died in Hampton, Va., 1795) ; Benjamin Brown, died January 17, 
1806, aged 39; George Halson, 1806; :Mark L. Cheevers, 1836; Mr. 
Bausman, 1845; J. C. McCabe, 1850. 



160 . The Cradle of the Eepublic. 

fort and affluence. In 1727, the people of Elizabeth City county 
quarreled as to the site of the new church. The Governor and 
Council, to whom the matter was referred, decided in favor of 
Hampton. On June 17, 1727, Mr. Jacob Walker and Mr. John 
Lowry were appointed by the court of Elizabeth City to lay off 
and value an acre and a half of ground on Queen's Street, joining 
upon Mr. Boswell's lots, for ])uikling the church thereon. The 
same day, Mr. Henry Cary, by order of the minister, church 
wardens and the court, was permitted to take wood, "at the rate 
of six pence pefHoad to burn l)ricks for the church, from the 
School land." ^ In 1 7G0, Alexander Kennedy devised land to the 
poor of Elizabeth City county, and the sum of "40 pds sterling 
towards purchasing out of Eugland a bell for the church of 
Elizabeth City Parish, provided the vestry and church wardens 
will undertake a belfry within 12 months after my decease." 

"Little England,'' a place between Hampton and the mouth of 
Hampton Eiver, was anciently known as Capps' Point, and was 
doubtless the residence of William Capps, a prominent settler in 
1627. 

At Hampton, on February 27, 1634, stopped Leonard Calvert, 
with his emigrants, on his way to found the great State of Mary- 
land. 

In the waters near by occurred, on the 29th of April, 1700, the 
obstinate fight of the fifth-class English man-of-war 8horeliam 
witli a pirate ship, in which, however, the pirate was beaten. 
Among the casualties was the death of Peter Heyman, a collector, 
of the customs for the James River, and grandson of Sir Peter 
Heyman, of Summerfield, County Kent, England. He was shot 
down by the side of Sir Francis ISTicholson, the Governor, who 
was himself on board the Shoreham and participated in the 
affray. 

Hither also came the gallant Captain Henry Maynard, after 
his victory, November 21, 1718, over the pirate Blackbeard, or 
Teach, in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, swinging the pirate's 
head from his bowsprit and bearing captive the survivors of the 

^ Four years before John Harvard, left his famous benefaction for 
the establishment of Harvard College, Benjamin Synies, of Elizabeth 
City, left cattle and 200 acres for a free school in Elizabeth City, the 
first in America, 



James River. 161 

pirate's crow, most of whom wci-c afterwards liimi;- at \\'illiains- 
biirg. 

IIain[)tc)n was (•a()tiii'(><l diiriiiii' the war of 181*^ l)y tlie British 
under Admiral Cockbiirn, and sulijcctcd to })illa*i-o and outrage. 
J)nring the war between the States, the inliahitants set fire to 
tlieir own dwellings, rather than they shoidd ail'ord a shelter to 
the enemy. It has been calhMl the '•(Taiue-c-ock Town."" and lias 
l)rodneed a number of prominent and distinguislied men. Of 
these George Wythe. (Vnnmodore James Barron, and Commodore 
Lewis Warrington are })erluij)s the most distiiiguished. 

Point Comfort. 

After Captain Smith"s departure for England, in October, 
1G09, President George Percy sent Captain John Katcliffe down 
t(; the mouth of the river to erect a fort as a precaution against 
an attack of the Spaniards, who claimed the continent. He 
chose for the fort the present site of Fort jMonroe, and named it 
"Algernoune Fort," in honor of President Percy's ancestor, Wil- 
liam Algernoun de Percy, who came to England with William 
the Conqueror. 

After Katcliffe, Captain James Davis had command for several 
years. 

The fort contained seven pieces of artillery ; two of thirty-five 
"quintals," and the others thirty, twenty and eighteen — all of 
iron. 

After Percy's departure for England, in April, 1612, the name 
Algernourn Fort w^as discontinued ; and the place, for many years 
afterwards, was referred to as "Point Comfort Fort." It stood 
two-thirds of a league from Fort Charles and Fort Henry, on 
Hampton River. 

In 1630, the fort having fallen into disuse, it was relniilt by 
Captain Samuel Mathews, afterwards Governor. 

Ca])tain Francis Pott, brother of Governor Pott, of the ancient 
family of the Potts of Ha nip, in Yorkshire, was made com- 
mander, and continued such till he was removed liy Sir John 
Harvey in 1635. 

In that year (1635) Francis Hooke, of the Royal Xavy, "an 
old servant of King Charles,'"' w^as put in command. 

He died in 1637, and Captain Christopher Wormeley, who had 
been Governor of Tortugas was for a short time in charge. 



162 The Cbadle of the Eepublic. 

Then, in 1639, succeeded Eichard Moryson, son of Sir Eicliard 
Moryson, and brotlicr-in-law of the nobk' Cavalier, Lucius Gary, 
Lord Falkhxncl. 

In 1611, he returned to England, and left his lu'other. Lieu- 
tenant Eobert Moryson, in charge of tlie fort. 

In 1619, ]\Iajor Francis Moryson, anotlier brother, wlio had 
served King Chark's in the wars with the Parliament, came to 
Virginia with (Jolonel Henry Norwood, Colonel Mainwaring 
Hammond, and other cavaliers. He was appointed by Sir Wil- 
liam Berkeley captain of the fort. After Major Moryson, his 
nephew, Colonel Charles Moryson, about 1664, succeeded to the 
command of the fort. 

In October, 1665, the fort at Point Comfort needing repairs, 
the General Assembly appointed Captain William Bassett to 
build a new fort, which the Governor determined should bo at 
Jamestown, but the King vetoed the act and directed the rebuild- 
ing of the fort at Point Comfort. 

IS'ot long after this, a fleet of Dutch men-of-war invaded 
Hampton Eoads, and burnt tlie English shipping there. Then 
the Assembly took action, but instead of doing what the King 
required them to do, they ordered forts to be built at five places, 
viz. : ISTansemond, Jamestown, Tindall's Point, Corotoman and 
Yeocomico. 

The neglected condition of the fort in 1673 enabled the Dutch 
men-of-war to repeat their performance of 1667. They invaded 
the river, and burned the shipping. 

However, some sort of a fort was kept at Point Comfort for 
many years after, till, in 1727, the resolve was taken to rebuild 
and repair the battery there. 

The new fort was called Fort George, in honor of the reigning 
king. James Baron was captain before the Eevolution. Part 
of its lines were still visible in 1847. The walls were of brick, 
made on the spot which, were nine inches long, four wide and 
three thick. The exterior wall was sixteen feet distant from the 
interior one, and the former was twenty-seven inches thick, and 
the latter sixteen inches thick. These walls Avere connected with 
counter walls ten or twelve feet apart, forming cribs which were 
no doubt filled up with sand. 

The present Fort Monroe was commenced in 1819. 



James Eiver. 163 

Cape Charles. 

This is the extreme point of the Aecomac Peninsula, and was 
named for Prince Charles hy tlie first settlers. In IGl-i, Sir 
Thomas Dale established a settlement of men under Lieutenant 
Craddock at Smith's Islniid. urar tlie eape, for the puri)ose of 
making salt out of sea-water, lie called this settlement "Dale's 
Gift." 



AUTHORITIES. 



Abstracts of the Procopdinf^s of the Virginia Company of London, 2 vols. 
Virginia Historical Society Pul)licati()ns. 

Beverley, Robert — History of Virginia. 

Bristol Parish, Prince George County. By Rev. Pliilip Slaughter, D. D. 

Brown. Alexander — "Genesis of the United States," 2 vols. Boston. 
1891. 
"First Republic in America." Boston, 1898. 

Bruce, Philip Alexander — "Economic History of Virginia in the Seven- 
teenth Century." 2 vols. 1890. 

Campbell, Charles — History of \'irginia. Philadelphia. 18(iO. 

"Chappell, Dickie and Other Kindred Families of Virginia." 1900. 

Charles City County, Va., Records. 

Clayton, Rev. John — Force's Collection of Historical Documents, \o\. 
III. 

Colonial State Papers. Public Record Office. London. 

Colonial Records of Virginia. Senate Document. 1874. 

De Vries' "Voyages From Holland to America." New York. 1853. 

Dictionary of National Biography. London. 

Elizabeth City County Record Books. 

Fiskc. .John — "Old Virginia and Her Neighbors." 2 vols. Boston. 

Force. Peter — Collection of llistoiical Documents Relating to Colonies 
in North America. 4 vols. 

General Court of Virginia :MSS. Records of 1070-"7(i : Mrginia His- 
torical Society ^ISS. Collections. 

Hamor, Ralph — ""True Discourse." 

Harleian Society. Publications of the 

llciiing. William Waller — \iiginia Statutes at Large. Richmoml. 1812. 

Henrico County. Va., Records. 

Hotten, J. C. — Original Lists of Kiiiigrants to America. New York. 

Howe's Historical Collections of \'irginia. 1847. 

Isle of Wight County, Va., Records. 

Jamestown, Report of the Proceedings of the Late Jubilee at James- 
town. Petersburg. 1807. 

Jamestown: Notes on a Journey to. W. G. Stanard. 

.James River: Afloat on the James. 

Ijossing's "Field Book of the American Revolution." 

Ludwell MSS., Virginia Historical Society Collections. 



166 The Cradle of the Republic. 

McDonald Papers. Copies of State Papers in Public Record office. 

London. 
Memoirs of a Huguenot Family. New York. 1853. 
Meade's Old Churches, Etc. 

Neill, Rev. E. D. — History of the Virginia Company of London ( lOOli- 
1624). Albany, N. Y. 1869. 

Virginia Carolorum (1625-'85). 

Virginia Vetusta. 

Virginia and Virginiola. 

Virginia Colonial Clergy. 
New England- Historical and Genealogical Register. 
Norfolk, Lower (Va.), County Records. 
Norfolk, Lower, Antiquary. By Edward W. James. 
Oxford Matriculations. By Foster. 
Percy, George — Discourse in Arber's Smith. 
Present State of Virginia. By Hugh Jones. 1724. 
Richmond Dispatch, May 15, 1857. 
Prince George County (Va.) Records. 
Randolph MSS. 3 vols. Virginia Historical Society. 
Robinson, Conway — Transcripts of Miscellaneous Records. Records of 

General Court of Virginia. 
Sainsbury, E. Noel — Abstracts. Records in British Public Record Office 

MSS. 
Smith, Works of Capt. John. Edited by Prof. Edward Arbcr. 
Southern Literary Messenger. 

Spehnan. Henry — Relation of Virginia in Arber's Sniitli. 
Spotswood, Gov. Alexander, Official Letters of. 
Strachey, William — History of Travaile in Virginia Brittania. Hack- 

luyt Society. 1849. 
Surry County, Va., Records. 

Traylor. Robert Lee — "Some Notes on the First Recorded Visit of White 
Men to the Site of the Present City of Richmond, Va., May 23-'4, 
1607. ■■ Richmond. 1899. 
Virginia Historical Collections, Vol. XI. 
Virginia Historical Register. 6 vols. Richmond. 
Virginia: A History of the Executives. Margaret Vowel Smith. 
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Richmond, Va. 
Virginia Land Patents (1621-1750). Office of Register of Land Office. 
William and Mary College Quarterly. Williamsburg and Richmond, Va. 
W^insor's Narrative and Critical History of the United States. 
York County, Va., Records, 



APPENDIX. 



APPENDIX. 



SOME NOTES. 

PiKjc ]n.— :\Ir. .]. \\. Biicoirs statement June 2. ]900: 

••]\ly fatlier. William E. ]>aeon, was employed by Colonel Goodrich 
Durfey as carpenter. I lived with him on Jamestown Island, and. 
though but a small boy at the time, retain lively recollections of the 
appearance of the place. I remember that I used to sit on the roots of 
the cypress tree, now standing many yards in the water, and fish at 
high tide. At low tide its roots were dry. I remember that the boiler 
of the steamer Curtisspccl:, blew up at the wharf while I lived there. 
The mail was carried to the island over the causeway across the sub- 
merged neck. The pierhead of the wliarf stood then about sixty feet 
from the shore. I was born in ].S;3.5, and was about ten years old when 
we removed." 

I'aye 72. — ^Ir. .John (iilliaiirs father was a carpenter employed by 
Colonel Durfey [who owned the island from 1836 to 184()]. The Gilliams 
lived in the brick magazine not. as stated, during ilr. Coke's proprietor- 
ship, but during Colonel Durfey's. Mr. Gilliam visited the island with 
the editor about two years ago, and pointed out the cypress, now two 
hundred and ninety feet distant, which, in lS3G-'40, stood on the shore 
about a hundred yards from the magazine. Mr. Gilliam died in 1899, 
aged about seventy years. 

J*(tye 78. — The church mentioned in the grants to Mr. Hampton in 
l(i39 and 1044, was not the brick church then incomplete, but the old 
wooden church. The lirick church was not finished till after November, 
1(547 (see page 77). Then theie is no ridge behind the present tower, 
<listant one hundred and twenty-six and one-half yards from the river 
front. The site of the early churches is now clearly under water. Xo 
doul)t a system of dredging in tlie water at the upper end of the island 
would disclose tombstones, and fix tiie location of the early church-yard. 
It is hoped that this work will be undertaken some day, since the sand 
undoubtedly holds many interesting relics of Virginia's past. 

PiKjcfi 11.5, 110. — The correct date of the grant to William Sherwood, 
referred to on pages 115 and 110, is April 20, 1094. His grant was for 
three hundred and eight acres, "situate in James City and James City 
Island, beginning on James River at the head of a branch of Pitch and 
Tar Swamp, next above the State House." It first followed the north 
side of the swamp till it reached a ditch dividing Sherwood's land from 



170 Appendix. 

that formerly belonging to Thomas Woodhouse. At this point, it crossed 
the swamp south ten degrees westerly to the three and one-half acres lot 
purchased by Sherwood of John Page, Esq., and along the same the said 
course, in all twenty-three chains, to a mulberry tree near tlie land 
of John Fitchett. It then took an easterly course, running about seven 
and four-tenths chains (thirty-one feet to a chain) to an acre of land 
Sherwood puichased of David Newell, brother of Jonathan Newell, 
deceased; thence three chains toward Henry Hartwell's house. From 
this point, the line travelled easterly near Pitch and Tar Swamp till it 
met Edward Ti»avis's land. Thence by devious courses it crossed to the 
Back River Marsh ; then forty chains through the marsh nortli thirty- 
three and three-quarters degrees easterly to the Back Eiver, and "up 
the same to Sandy Bay to a persimmon tree under Blockhouse Hill; 
thence under tlie saiu hill west six chains to James River, and down it 
to the first-mentioned branch." 



SOME ERRORS. 

Page 39, line first. — "The western side of the lot next to him was Mr. 
George Menelie," etc., should read ''0/t the western side," etc. 

Page 78. — Tliird line from bottom, the true date of the order of the 
vestry of Bruton Church is June .3, 1G79 (not 1678). (See Tlie Church 
Review, April, 1855, p. 139.) 

Chart of James River, opposite page 120, "Wakefield" should appear 
near Claremont, and not, as it does, near College Creek. 

Page 131. — Fifteenth line from the bottom, "Dale" should read Gates. 

Page 139. — Third line from top, "General Joseph E. .Johnston" should 
read General Robert E. Lee. 

Page 150. — Martin's Hundred is located on the icest side of Skiffe"s 
Creek, not, as printed, on the "east." 



SUBJECT INDEX. 



Aiuborgris foiiiul on Bermuda Island, 
154. 

Anecdotes: Sir Jleniy Wyatt and the oat, 
88: l\ev. Janios ^ladison and Eepubli- 
can principles, 98; Kev. William Pres- 
ton and the college authorities, 97; 
Mrs. Ciceley Jordan's flirtation, 129. 

Bacon's Kebcllion: Beginning of, 51; 
Bacon's camp at Jordan's Point, 130; 
Bacoir's marches against the Indians 
near the North Carolina line, 52, 130; 
jiroclainied a rebel, 112: elected to the 
General Assembly on his return, 112; 
confers secretly with Drummond and 
Lawrence in Jamestown, 53: promised 
a connnission, 113; flees from James- 
town and returns at the head of an 
armed force, 113; gets his commission 
and marches out of Jamestown. 113; 
once more proclaimed a rebel by Berke- 
ley, 113; Bacon inarches to Middle 
Plantation, and Berkeley sails to Ac- 
comac, 114: Bacon routs the Pamun- 
keys, and finds on his return the gov- 
ernor at Jamestown, 114; speech of 
Bacon to his men in Greenspring Old 
Fields, 114; besieges Jamestown, 104, 
114; Governor Berkeley deserts the 
town, which is burnt by Bacon, 64, 104, 
114; death of Bacon, 64, 105; fate of 
Bacon's friends: James Crews, Wil- 
liam Cookson, John Derby (Digby?), 
105; William Drummond," 123: Rich- 
ard Lawrence, Thomas Whalev. John 
Forth. 109: Giles Bland, 142; William 
Hunt. 14(>: Mr. Allen's house in Surry 
fortified during the Rebellion and 
called "i'acon"s Castle."' 122: Bacon's 
widow, Elizabeth Duke, marries Capt. 
Thomas Jarvis, of Hampton, 158: Ba- 
con's plantation at Curls Neck confis- 
cated, 138; Lawrence's lot in James- 
town confiscated. 53 ; heroines of Ba- 
con's Rel)ellion: Sarah Drummond. 
53; vSarah (Jrenden. 140; commission 
sent out of England to inquire into the 
causes of liacon's Rebellion, 123; regi- 
ment sent from England to subdue Ba- 
con, 42. 



Back Street, distant from the road along 
the southeast bank of the island, one 
bundled and fortj'-three yards, at 
other points furtlier west twenty-two 
poles and nineteen poles ( see p. 39 ) ; 
distant from Back River, seventy poles, 
or three hundred and eighty-five yards 
(see pp. 39, 116). These distances 
prove that the street ran along the 
ridge of land, first met with at the 
west end of the island. Compare pages 
19, 59. (On the Back Street were 
probably also the second and third 
State Houses, 19, 59, 116.) 

Block-houses, 12, 26, 29, 31, 99. 102, 103. 

Brick-kiln, 40, 99. 

Brick and brick-makers, 29, 46. 49, 60, 
136, 160. 

Burgesses of Jamestown, 64, Go. 

Churches at Jamestown (Wooden), 25, 
26. 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 69, 73-77, 110, 
169; where located, 78, 110 (Mr. 
Hampton had lots behind the church, 
i. e., the wooden church in the fort, 
78) ; brick, 18. 44, 45, 51, 52, 59, 60, 
77-79, 169; brick at IMiddle Planta- 
tion, 07. 88; at Elizabeth City, 158- 
161; brick at Merchant's Hope," 129. 

Confederate Signal Station, 136. 

Cross at Cape Henry, 23, 120. 

Dead at Jamestown : Rev. Robert Hunt, 
Sir George Yeardley, Opechancanough, 
39, 46, 63, 64, 73. 

Emigrants to Virginia, 23, 24, 25, 26, 
33, 41, 47, 66-69, 133. 

Forts at Jamestown, triangular palisad- 
ed fort, 25, 26, 28, 31, 69, 70, 78: where 
located, 78 ; turf fort of a tetragon 
shape, 54, 55, 70; brick fort, 17, 54, 
55, 58. 70-73, 74: at Henrico, Charity 
Fort, Mount Malado, Fort Elizabeth, 
Fort Patience, 136: at Elizabeth City, 
Fort Charles, 12, 158, 159, 161; Fort 
Henry, 12, 158, 159, 161; at Point 
Comfort, Algernon Fort, Fort Point 
Comfort, Fort George, Fort Monroe, 
161, 162. 

First (at Jamestown) permanent Eng- 
lish settlement in America at, trial by 



172 



IXDEX. 



First English settlement — ■ 

jury, 21; marriage, 21, 73; birtli of an 
English child in Virginia, 21, 74; leg- 
islative assembly in America, 21, 75; 
fort, 25, ()9 : houses, 25 ; wooden 
church, 25, 73 : brick church, 44 ; min- 
ister (Robert Hunt), 25, 73, 74, 87; 
wheat, 25 ; supply, 25 ; fire, 25 ; well 
of water, 26 ; block-house, 99 ; Ameri- 
can glass factory, 102, 111; Governor 
of Virginia (Sir Thomas Gates), 26; 
Governor's liouse, 106; tobacco raiser 
(John Rolfe), 63, 76; African slaves 
in the United States, 32, 77 ; considera- 
tion of a college and free school, 32 ; 
assertion of principle, "No taxation 
without repi'esentation," 48 ; open re- 
sistance to governmental tyranny, 42 ; 
two burgesses, 64; State House, 110; 
birth of an idiot child, 88; celebration 
in 1807, 57 ; first picture of tower of 
Jamestown church, 79; (at Little- 
town) peach trees in America, 149; 
(at Elizabeth City) free school in 
America. 160; (at Falling Creek) 
iron works in America, 133; (at Dale's 
Gift) salt works in America, 162; (at 
Kiskiack) child born on York River 
of English parents (John West), 143; 
(at Williamsburg) capitol, so-called, 
116, 143: (at Newport News) demon- 
stration by the Merrimac of the superi- 
ority of iron-clad vessels in naval war- 
fare, 156. 

French vine-dressers, 159. 

Gardens, 44. 45 ; ]\Irs. Pierce's, at James- 
town, 41 ; George Menifie's, at Little- 
town, 149. 

Glass-house, 11, 139. 102-105. 

Governor's house, 31, 106-109. 

Governor's Land, 18, 106, 147. 

Greenspring, 108-110, 114: oranges gath- 
ered there, 108; "Old Fields" at, 
where Bacon made a speech to his sol- 
diers, 114. 

Harvey, Sir John, deposition of, 42-44. 

Historical summary. 62-64. 

Houses at Jamestown: Captain William 
Pierce's, "the fairest in Virginia" 
(1623), p. 40; Richard Kempe's brick 
house, "the fairest that ever was 
known in this country for substance 
and importance"' (1639), p. 44; Gov- 
ernor Berkeley's three brick houses, 
46 ; Richard Lawrence's brick house, 
51 ; W^illiam Drummond's, 51 ; Audi- 
tor Nathaniel Bacon. Sr's. two houses, 
52; William Sherwood's "faire house," 
54; Col. Tliomas Swann's, 52; Major 



Houses at Jamestown — 

Theophilus Hone's, 52; Col. Travis, 
57, 59; Col. Ambler's, 57, 59. 

Indians : Names of tribes along James 
River, 9-14: respective territories and 
chiefs, 9-13; Powhatan, head war-chief, 
9, 13; his system of finance, 13; songs 
of the Indians, 14; attack the settlers, 
25, 69 ; kill cattle, 29 ; peace with after 
marriage of Pocahontas, 108; massacre 
of 1622, 124, 128, 129, 132, 142, 143, 
144, 150, 154; converted Indian, 
Chaneo, saves the colony, 124; second 
massacre in 1644, 46, 90; outbreak in 
1676, 51, 112, 113. 

Iron works at Falling Creek, 133. 

Isthmus of Jamestown, 16-20. 

Italian glass-workers, 103. 

Jamfs River : Places on, origin of; Cape 
Henry, Lynnhaven Bay, Willoughby 
Land Spit, Sewell's Point, Elizabeth 
River, 120; Craney Island, Nansemond 
River, Naseway Shoals, Pagan River, 
Day's Point, Basse's Choice, Bennett's 
Plantation, or Warascoyack, 121; 
Burv>ell's Bay, Lawne's Plantation, 
Hog Island, Lower Chippokes Creek, 
College Creek, Cobham, 122 ; Gray's 
Creek, Swann's Point, Four Mile Tree, 
123; Pace's Pains, Sunken Marsh 
Creek, Upper Chippokes Creek, Bran- 
don, 124; Ward's Creek, Windmill 
Point, Flower de Hundred. 127 : May- 
cock's, Powell Creek, 128; ChappelTs 
Creek. Bn-ker's Creek, Chaplin's 
Choice. Joi'dan's Jorney, or Beggar's 
Bush, 129 : Bailey's Creek, City Point, 
130; Appomattox River, Bermuda 
Hundred, 131 ; Neck of Land, or Roche- 
dole Hundred, Gatesville, Sheffield's 
Plantation, 132; Drewry's Bluff, Fall- 
ing Creek, Ampthill, Warwick. 133; 
Goode's Creek. The Falls, or Powhatan, 
134; Allmond's Creek, Tree Hill, 
Chatsworth, Wilton, 135; Chaflfin's 
Bluff, Farrar's island and Dutch Gap. 
136; Varina. or Aiken's Landing. 137; 
Four JNIile Creek, Curls Neck, Bremo 
and Malvern Hill, 138; Turkey Island, 
Shirlev, 139; Cawsey's Care, 140; 
Berkefey- 142; Westover, 143; Buck- 
land, Swinyards, Weyanoke, 144; 
Southampton Hundred, 145; Milton, 
Sherwood Forest, Sturgeon Point, 
Bachelor's Point, Sandy Point. Chicka- 
honiiny River, 146; Governor's Land, 
Argall's Gift, or Town. Jamestown, 
147; Neck of Land. Archer's Hope, 
Kingsmill, 148; Littletown, Utopia 



IXDEX. 



173 



James river — 

Bottoms. Wareliaiu I'oiuls, 14!t: Mar- 
tin's Hundred, Skille's or Keitli's 
Creek. l.iO; Mnlberry Island, 151; 
Stanley Hundred. Denbeigli. 1")2: Nut- 
meir Quarter, l.")."}: Waters' Creek, 
Mary's .Mount. 134: Newport Xews, 
15.5: Kecouf^iitan. or Hani|)ton, 150; 
Point C.)mfort. Kil : Dale's (Jift, 102. 

Jamestown, topography of the Island of, 
15-20: eountry surrounding. 20: the 
Knglish at. 21-04: burgesses and mem- 
bers ot eonvenlions from. ()4, 05; forts 
at. 25, 28. 31. 00, 58, 09-73; churches 
at. 25. 20. 27. 28. 2!). 30. 31, 32, 40, 45. 
4!). 51. 52. 5!). 00, 80; service of the 
church at. 80-82. i)7 : tombstones on 
Island of. od. 80. 82-87 : ministers of, 
25. 28. 30. 73. 74, 75, 77, 78, 87-99; 
block-houses at, 12, 20. 29. 31. 99-102; 
glass-houses at. 11. 102-105; Gover- 
nor's house at. 31, 100-109; State 
Houses at, 44, 45, 51, 52, 50, 59, 04. 
110-117: gardens at, 39, 41; brick- 
kiln at, 40, 99; brick-makers at, 29, 
4(i, 49, 00. 99: magazine at. 19, 00, 71, 
72: fires at. 25. 52, 50, 00: houses at, 
25. 20. 28. 29. 31. 35 39. 40. 44, 45, 40, 
47. 49, 50, 51, 52. 53, 50, 57, 00, 64; 
marriage at, 73, 75. 87 : wells at, 20, 
29. 51. 01: Robert Hunt. Sir George 
Yeardley and Opechancanough buried 
at. 39. 4(i. (»3. 04, 73 ; corporation and 
l)arish of, 31: causewav to, 10. 18: 
bridges at. 17. 18, 29. 38, 39; wharf 
at. 17. 20. 29. 109; tobacco cultivation 
at. 30, 44; mortality at. 25, 20. 33, 59; 
plants at, 41, 59: African slaves sold 
at, 33; first General Assembly at. 32, 
7(!, 77 : population of, 24, 35 : park at. 
100; Xew Town at. 38-40: lots in, 38- 
41. 44-40. 47, 52-54. 5:.. highway at, 
38, 40; silk-worms raised at, 40; ships 
not to break bulk till they arrive at, 
44, 50; linen factory at, 40: ordinary 
keepers at, 47, 51, 52: cavaliers at, 
47, 48, 49; no town government at, 
50; descriptions of, 51, 55, 50, 58, 59, 
00. 01 ; proprietors of. 50, 59. 00, 61 ; 
country house at. 53; surrendered to 
Parliament, 47 : Charles II. proclaimed 
at, 48, 91 : Back Street of, 19, 39, 40, 
59, 110; fired by Nathaniel Bacon, Jr., 
52. 114; convention of clergy at, 79; 
the fire-flies at, 94; sycamore tree at. 
SO; gravevards at. 59. 79, 80; tower 
of church at. 60. 61, 79. 81. 

Libraries, 68: Col. "William Bvrd's, 
144. 



Magazine, 19, 00, 71. 72, 109. 

Marriages: John Laydon and Ann Bur- 
ras, 73, 87; John Kolfe and Pocahon- 
tas, 75, 87. 

Massacres (1022), 34. 35. 124, 128, 129, 
132. 143. 144, 148, 150, 154; (1044) 
40. 90. 

Merrimac and Monitor, 156. 

Ministers, at Jamestown. 25. 28, 30, 73, 
74. 75. 77, 78, 87-99; at Henrico, 136; 
at Varina, 137; at Berkeley, 142; at 
Elizabeth City. 158, 159; at'Chiskiack, 
150: at Mulberrv Island, 151; at Den- 
beigh. 152. 

^riddle Plantation, convention at in 1070, 
114; York people petition in ]()77 to 
make it the seat of the capital, 52; 
capitol at. 50. 114; palace at, 109; 
place named Williamsburg, 56: Mrs. 
Whaley's school at, 109 : church at, 
78; college at, 94, 137. 139; county 
court-house made from Jamestown 
brick, 56. 

Notices of John Rolfe. 75 ; Pocahontas, 
76; Robert Hunt. 87; Richard Buck, 
87 ; Hawte Wyatt. 88 : Francis Bolton, 
89: Thomas ' Plampton, 89: Thomas 
Harrison, 90: Philip Mallory, 90; 
Batte family, 91: ilorgan Godwin, 92; 
Justinian Aylmer, 92 ; John Clough, 
93; Rowland Jones, 93; John Clayton, 
93; James Blair, 94; Peter Fontaine, 
95; Hugh Jones, 96; William LeNeve, 
96; William Preston, 97; John Hyde 
Saunders, 97; William Bland, 97; 
James ^ladison, 98 : Whalev family. 
109; Bennett family. 121;' Thomas 
Swann. 123: Allen family. 124: Rich- 
ard Pace. 124: John Martin. 124; 
Quiney family. 126; Abraham Peirsey, 
127; Nathaniel Powell, 128; Samuel 
ilaj'cock, 128; Samuel Jordan. 129, 
John Berkeley, 133: James Crews, 
139; William Randolph, 139: Nathan- 
iel Causey,. 140: Edward Hill. 140; 
Paulett family, 142; Byrd family, 143; 
Capt. Henry Perry, 144; Harwood 
family, 145: George Menifie. 149, 
George Keith. 151 ; George Wvthe. 
151; Samuel Matthews, 152: Edward 
Waters. 154: Daniel Gookin. 155; 
Richard Kingsmill, 148: Digges fam- 
ily. 156; captains at Point Comfort, 
161. 162. 

Opechancanough. Ijrother of Powhatan, 
13; plots the second massacre, 46; cap- 
tured by Sir William Berkeley and 
killed by a sentry at Jamestown, 46, 
63. 



174 



IXUEX. 



Ovid's Metamorphoses translated by 
George Sandys at Jamestown, 40. 

Parliament, surrender of Virginia, in 
1G52, to the fleet of the, 47. 

Peaches raised at Littletown, 149. 

Pirates, 100. 

Political divisions of Virginia. 116 to 
119. 

Political Institutions: martial law dur- 
ing the first seven years, 31, 32; popu- 
lar government instituted by Sir 
George Yeardley in 1619, 32; London 
Company dissolved in 1624, free insti- 
tutions continue, 35, 63 ; first asser- 
tion in 1624 of the doctrine, "No taxa- 
tion without representation," 48 ; doc- 
trine reiterated in 1652 and 1765, 48; 
first declaration of rights and State 
Constitution. 133; England said to be 
not connected with the colony of Vir- 
ginia except by the tie of the crown, 
130. 

Powhatan, head werowance of Tidewater 
Virginia, 9; birthplace of Powhatan on 
James River, 134; his chief town, or 
-\verowocomoco, on Purton Bay, York 
Hiver, 9: afterwards at Orapaks, 11; 
his dominions. 13 ; his system of 
finance, 13: his bodyguard. 13; per- 
sonal appearance. 13 ; makes peace 
with the English after the marriage of 
his daughter Pocahontas to John 
Rolfe, 75, 108; his treaty fixed on 
"Powiiatan's Tree," 108; he dies April, 
1618; his three brothers, Opitchapan, 
Opechancanough and Kecatough, 13. 

Portraits, at Westover and Lower Bran- 
don, 127: Washington's at Shirley, 
140. 

Puritans. 90. 

Records saved by Drummond. 114; some 
patents destroyed, 129. 

Restoration of Charles II., 48, 64. 

Salt works at Dale's Gift, 163. 

Schools, East Indian, 130: Symes', 160; 
Matthew Wlialey Model and Practice 
School. 109: colleoe at Henrico, 136: 



Schools — ■ 

William and Mary College, 94. 13/, 
139, 147. 

Seal of Virginia granted bv Charles II., 
48. 

Service-plate at Jamestown, 81, 82; at 
Smitlr's Hundred, 145. 

Silk-worms raised by George Sandys at 
Jamestown, 40. 

Slavery and Slave-trade: Negroes sold at 
Jamestown in 1619, 32; Rev. Morgan 
Godwin ]uiblishes a dissertation 
against. 92. 

Springs: at Greenspring, 108; at New- 
port News, 155. 

State Houses, 44. 45, 51, 52, 56, 59, 64, 
110-117: location of first, on river 
bank. 111, 112; location of second and 
third, on the Back Street, 19, 59. 116. 
(Near the magazine.) Mechanics for 
building the first State House sent for 
out of England, 45. 

Sturgeons caught at Sturgeon's Point, 
146. 

Tindall's Point, proposed as seat of capi- 
tal in 1677, 52. 

Tobacco, culture of introduced, 75 ; 
raised at Jamestown, 30 : prevents the 
growth of the place, 30. 117. 

Toml)stones at Jamestown, 80. 82-87, 93; 
at Bachelor's Point, 146: at Four Mile 
Tree, 123; at Westover, 123: at Swann 
Point, 123 : at King's Creek, 90. 

Wells. 26, 29, 61. 

Williamsburg (see Middle Plantation). 

Wochincliopunk, chief of the Paspaheghs, 
11 ; killed near the glass-house, 12, l02. 

Yeardley. Sir George, captain of Sir 
Thomas Gates' company from the 
Netherlands, 14; deputy governor, 30; 
governor and captain-general of Vir- 
ginia. 32; calls the first popular assem- 
bly, 32 ; his family at Jamestown, 36 ; 
his house and lot there, 39 ; is granted 
Weyanoke, Flower de Hundred and 
Stanley Himdred. 127. 144. 152: dies 
and is buried at Jamestown. 39. 



INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS AND PLACES. 



Acconiac. 114, 118, l(i3. 

Adams, 38. 

Addams, Ann, 36. 

Addison, Tlionias, 154. 

Adkins, Kieliaid. 88. 

Adling, Henry, 24. 

Adwalton, 01. 

Aiken's Landing, 137. 

Alder. Kieiiard. 30. 

Algernourne Fort, 101. 

Algonquin race, 9. 

Alieoek, Jereniv, 24. 

Allen, Artluir, 122, 124: William, 18, 00, 

122, 124, 138. 
Allmond"s Creek, 13.5. 
Allniond, Samuel, 135. 
Amapetough, 10. 
Ambler, [)H : Edward, 05 : John, 57, 59, 

79, 85 : Richard, IG, 5G. 
America, 21, 22, 32, 43. 
American Union, 01. 
Amocnitalcs Graphicae. 10. 79. 
Ampthill, 133. 
Anderson. Leroy, 57. 
Andros, Edmund, 04, 82, 10!). 
Andrews, Jenkin, 41; Jocomb, 30. 
Apachisco, 75. 
Appomattox. 131. 141. 
Appomattox Indians. 10. 13, 131. 
Appomattox River, 10, 23, 91. 118. 130. 

131. 
Appumattuck, 10. 

Arahateck, 11, 13, 31, 130. ( Arrohateck.) 
Archer. Gabriel, 23, 24, 120. 
Archer's Hope, 20, 23, 31. 35, 55. 88, 100, 

148. 
Archer's Hope Creek, 20, 55, 78, 88, 100, 

148, 149. 
Archer's Hope Point, 55, 
Argall, Sir Samuel, 30, 31, 32. 44. 03. 

70, 100. 128, 147. 
Argairs Gift, or Town. 31. 114, 143, 147. 
Armistead, Frances, John, 93. 
Arnold. Renedict, 131. 
Arrundell. Richard, 30. 
Ashuaquid. 11. 
Ascombe. Abigale, ^Mary, 37. 
Ashlev, Ann, 37. 



Association for the Preservation of Vir- 
ginia Antiquities, 18, 01. 

Aston, ^Vulter, 140, 

Atlantic and Danville Railroad, 124. 

Austine, Robert, 30, 

Aylmer, Justinian, 91, 92, 93, 159; The- 
ophilus, 92, 

Bachelor's Point, 140. 

Back Creek, 54. 

Back River, 15, 18. 20. 29, 31, 39, 40, 45, 
47, 78, 89, 99, 100, 101, 106, 116, 148. 

Back Street (see Subject Index). 

Bacon, Elizabeth, 104. 158: Nathaniel, 
Jr„ 50, 51, 52, 53, 00. 64, 78, 93, 104, 
105, 112, 113, 114, 123, 130, 138, 139, 
143, 147, 158: Nathaniel, Sr., 52, 53, 
64, 104, 112, 115, 122, 149; Sir 
Francis, 21. 

Bacon, J. R.. William E.. 109. 

Bacon's Castle. 122, 125. 

Bacon's Rebellion. 42, 50, 59. 71, 78. 93, 
104, 105, 109, 112, 113, 122, 123, 140. 

liacoivs Proseediin/s. 51. 

Bailey (Baily). Jolin, 41, 122; Marv, 40, 
41,' 122; "Temperance, 130; Thomas, 
112. '• 

Bailey's Creek. 130. 

Baldwhr, Briscoe G., 57. 

Ballard, Anna, Thomas, 104. 

P.altimore, Lord, 42. 90. 

Bancroft, Richard, 87. 

Baptists. 98. 

Barl)adoes. 85, 120, 135. 

Barber, \\illiam. 00. 

Baryrave. Georue. Jolin. Robert, 126. 

Barker, Henrv,'' 37 ; William, 126, 128, 
129. 

Barkewell, 158. 

P.arnev. Edward E., 18, 61, 122; Louise 
J,, 132, 

Barrington, Robert. 64. 

Barron, James, 161, 162. 

Basse's Choice. 121, 

Bassett, Capt. William. 162. 

Batte family. 91. 

Bauldwin, Jolin, 115. 

Bausman. !Mr., 159. 

Beggar's Bush, 129. 



176 



Index. 



Beast, Benjamin, 24. 
Beliethland. Robert, 24. 
Bennett, Edward, 48, 121; Mary, 121; 
Richard, 48, ()3, 111, 121; Robert, 38, 
121; Silvestra, 121. 
Bently, William, 153. 
Berkeley Castle, 133. 
Berkeley, Frances, 82, 109. 127; John, 
133; Mr., 97; Richard, 142; William, 
39. 45. 4G, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, GO, 63, 
04, 60, 71, 90. 93, 104, 105, 106, 108, 
111, 112. 113, 114. 123, 127, 139, 162. 
Berkeley Hundred, 122, 142, 143, 157. 
Berlin. 109. 

Bermuda City. 130. 131, 136, 150. 
Bermuda Hundred, 10, 32, 63, 75, 118, 

131, 132, 139. 
Bermuda Islands, 26, 62, 75, 87, 131, 134, 

150, 154. 
Bernado, 103. 
Berry, Sir Jolin, 123. 
Best, Christopher. 36. 
Beverley, Robert, 41, 53, 65, 85, 93, 115; 

Ursula, 85. 
Beverston, 133. 
Bew, Robert, 37. 
Blackbeard, 160. 
Blackburn, Jeremiah, 142. 
Black Point, 15, 40. 
Blacksmith's Company. 82. 
Blair, Archibald, 95; James, 56, 79, 80, 
83, 84, 94, 95, 137; John, 108; Sarah, 
80, 83, 84. 
Blanchard, C. K.. Thomas, 57. 
Bland, 67, 131; Giles. 142; John, 121, 
124, 130, 142, 143; Richard, 130, 139, 
143; Theodorick, 97, 124, 143; 
Thomas. 121; William, 97. 98. 
Blaney, Edward, 37, 39, 64. 
Bletcliingly. 89. 

Block-houses, 12, 26, 29, 31, 99-102. 
Block-house Hill. 99, 170. 
Bluett, Captain, 133. 
Blunt, Humphrey, 12, 156. 
Blunt Point, 153^, 154. 158. 
Blunt Point River, 152. 
Bohemia, Queen of, 120. 
Boilings. 67. 
Bolton, Francis, 89, 159. 
Bonall. Anthony. John, 159. 
Booth, E. G., 150; Henry. 36; John, 38. 
Bosler, Frederick, 79. 
Boston, 90. 155. 
Boswell, William, 159, KiO. 
Bowler, Tabitha, 71. 
Bownas, Samuel, 151. 
Boxlev, 88. 
Boyle', Robert, 94. 
Boys, John, 150. 



Brandon, 124, 125, 120, 127, 136. 
Branton, 123. 

Bray, Angelica. James, 104; James, Jr., 
JNIovirning, Tliomas, 149; Elizabeth, 
149. 
Bremo. 138. 139. 
Brewer. John, 152. 
Brewery Point, 45. 
Brewster, Edward, 27, 29, 151; Richard, 

148. 
Brice, Sarah, Thomas, 88, 148. 
Bridger, Joseph, 52. 
Brinto, Edward, 24. 
Bristol, 67, 142. 

British, 121, 130, 131, 132, 134. 
Brock, R. A., 79. 
Broadway, Alexander, 131. 
Brodnax, William, 65. 
Brookes (Brooks), Edward. John. 24; 

Richard, 101. 
Bromfield, John, 88. 
Brougham, 97. 

Brown. Alexander, 22; Benjamin, 159. 
Browne. Edward, 24: Henry, 123. 
Brumfield. James, 24. 
Bruster, William, 24. 
Bruton Parish, 78, V6; church. 82, 95, 

96. 
Bucke (Buck), Benoni (Benony), 37, 
88: Bridget, 88; Elizabeth. 88, 148; 
Gershon (Gereyon), 37, 88; Mara, 
Peleg, 37. 88; Richard, 27, 28, 30, 41, 
74, 75, 77, 87, I48. 
P.uckino'liamshire, 93. 
Buckland, 144. 
Buck Roe, 159. 
Bullock, David, 59, 60. 
Burgess. Robert. 122. 
Burk. John D., 57. 
Burras. Anne. 62. 73. 87, 153. 
Burrows, Anthony. 37; uohn. 37. 88, 123. 
Burrows Hill, 123. 
Burtt. Jane, 36. 
Burwell, Carter, 150; Lewis, 65, 121, 

122, 149. 
Bur well's Bay. 10. 121, 122. 
Bushrod. Thomas, 127. 
Butler, General, 132, 137; Nathaniel, 35; 

Thomas, 152. 
Bvkar's (Bicker) Creek. 129. 
Bvkar (Bicker) William. 129. 
Bvrd, 67; John. 143; William. 85. 96, 

'127, 135, 140, 143. 
Cadiz, 22. 

Csesar, Sir Julius, 126. 
Calker, 37. 

Calvert, Leonard, 160. 
Cambridge, jNlass., 155. 
Cann, 37. 



Index. 



177 



Cape Charles, 120, 1()3. 

Cape Henry, 10, 23, 103, 120. 

Vuiiifol, The, 50. IIG. 

Cai)p.s' Point, 100. 

Capf.s. Williani, KiO. 

('aiictoii. Sir Diullcy, 41. 

Carter. Anne liili,' John. 14U; Koberl 

(Kiny). 140, 1.10; Elizabetii, 140. 
Carter ":5 Crove, 125, 150. 
Cartliayena, !)5. 
Cary. Archibahl. 133, 134; Henry. 1(10; 

h'neius, 102; Miles, 05, 112; "Wilson 

Miles, 57, 5S. 
Cartwrigiit, Jolin, 30. 
Cassen, Ueorge, Thomas, V.illiani, 24. 
Cavaliers, 4) . 
Cawea wwassoughes, 13. 
Causey, John, Natlianiel, 140. 
Causey's Care, 140. 
Cawson's, 131. 
Cawt, Bryan, 37. 
Cecil county, 90. 
Cecil, Sir Kobert, 22. 
Ceeley, Thomas, 153. 
Ceeley's, 57. 
Chaffins BluM. 130. 
Challis. Edward, 45, 101. 
Chanco, 124. 

Champion, John, 05, 80; Rebecca, 05. 
Chandler, John, 155. 
Chaplin's Choice, 129. 
Chaplin, Isaac, 129. 
Chapman, Frances, 37; Francis, 124. 
Chappell's Creek, 129. 
Chappell. Thomas, 129. 
Charity Fort, 130. 
Charles I., 42, 43, 47, 48, 120, 150, 101. 

102. 
Charles II., 48, 49, 04, 90, 91. 
Charles. Prince. 120. 130, 103. 
Charles Cily. 31. 33. 07, 117, 130, 131, 

132. 
Charles Citv county, 11, 50. 07, 70, 95, 

97. 118, il9, 127"^, 128, 130. 143, 144, 

145, 140. 
Charles City Corporation. 117, US, 130, 

131. 132. 
Charles City Point, 130. 
Charles Hundred, 31. 
Charles Piver county, 118. 
Chastellux, 134. 
Chatsworth, 135. 
Chatliam. 135. 
Chauntrce, Robert, 37. 
Cheesnian's Creek, 150. 
Cheeyers, :\Iark L., 159. 
Chelsea, 55. 

Chesapeake Bay. 9. 13. 42. 89. 
Chesapeake Indians, 9, 10, 13. 



]'<ni. 



ii; 



Chesapeake Region, 10. 

Chester, 90. 

Chester, Anthony: Hcliccps-togl 

Frontispiece and p. 34. 
Chesteriield county, 11, 119, 131, 132. 
Chew, John, 39, 122. 
Ciiiclieley, Sir Henry, 04. 
Ciiickahominy River, 11, 13, 100, 

119, 145, 140, 14/; ferry, 79. 
Ciiiles, Walter, 92. 
Chilton, Edward, 54, 50, 140. 
Chippokes Creek, Lower, 122 ; Upper, 

117, 118, 124, 120. 
Christ Church, 90; Parish, 90. 
Cliuckatuck Creek, 117, 118. 
Church on the :\Iain, 79, 82, 98. 
Church Creek, 158. 
City Point, 117, 130, 131, 138. 
Claiborne, William. 48. 
Claremont, 10, 18, 00, 122, 124. 138, 14(). 
Clarke, Bridget, 37; Richard, 45; 

Thomas, 30. 
Clarkson, 92. 

Clayton, John, 10, 54, 71, 93. 94. 
Clement, Elizabeth. Jereme, 3(5. 
Clough, John, 84, 93. 
Clover Hill Mines. 132. 
Clovill (Clovell) Eustace, 24, 09. 
Coast Surve}^ 154. 
Cobb, 14. 
Cobhani, 122. 

Cockburn, Admiral, 121, 101. 
Cocke, Richard, 138; Temperance, 

Thomas, 145. 
Coggs, Elizabeth, John, 144. 
Coke, John, 17, 00, 72: Richard. 17, GO. 
Cole, Susannah, 150; William, 144, 153, 

155, 150. 
Coleman, Anthony, 103. 
College Creek, 122. 
College Plantation, 122. 
Collier, Samuel, 24. 
Combes, Austen, 30. 
Commonwealth of England, 47. 
Confederates, 10, 01, 132, 130, 137. 150. 
Congress, 18, 48, GO. 
Constable, Robert, 38. 
(constellation, The, 84. 
Cooke, Edward, 30: John, 37; Roger, 24. 
Cooksey, \Villiam, 38. 
Cookson, William, 105. 



Copland, Joseph, 53. 121 : Patri( 

Coquonasom, 10. 

Cook, 155. 

Corker, John, 04. 

Cornwall is. Lord, 57. 

Cornwallis's Tree, 108. 

Corotoman, 102. 

Corpus Christi College, 89, 90. 



13^ 



178 



I^^DEX. 



Cotton, Ann, 51. 

Cowper, Thomas, 24. 

Coxendale, 31, 13(i. 

Craddock, Lieutenant, 103. 

Craney Island, 121. 

Crews, Edwai'd, Francis, ^lattlicw, 139; 

James, 105, 139. 
Crofton, 93. 
Crofts, Richard, 24. 
Cromwell, Henry, Oliver, 90. 
Crouch, Thomas, 37. 
Croyden, 41. 
Crump, Lieutenant Thomas, 04, 88, 148. 

( Crunipe.) 
Culpeper, Frances, 39, 114; Lord, 52, 04, 

77-109. 
Cumberland county, 97. 
Curls Neck, 113, 131, 138. 
Dale, Sir Thomas, 28, 29, 30. 31, 32, 40, 

62, 03. 100, 118, 130, 131, 130, 139, 103. 
Dale's Gift, 163. 
Dale Parish, 132. 
Damport, Lanslott, 37. 
Danclridge, Martha, 93. 
Davidson, Alice, 30. 
Davies, Jone, 36. 

Davis, Capt. James, 101; Tliomas. 120. 
Dawse, Margery, 37. 
Day, James, 121. 
Day's Point, 121. 
Deacon, Thomas, 142. 
Deep Creek, 152, 153. 
Delaware, Lord, 14, 27, 28, 29, 30, 43, 

02. 70, 74, 75, 70, 87. 110, 140, 143, 151, 

153. 
Deliverance, The, 154. 
Denbeigh (Denbie), 152, 153: church, 

153. 
Derby, John, 105. 
DeVries, Peter, 155. 
Dickenson, Jane, 30. 
Digby, John, 105. 
Digges, 66, 153; Dudley, 150; Edward, 

48, 50, 03, 156; Sir Dudley, 48, 156; 

William, 150. 
Digges' llundred, 131. 
Dilke, Clement, 37. 
Dinwiddle, 79. 
Discovery, The, 21, 23. 
Dixon, Richard, 24. 
Dods. Jolin, 24. 
Douthat. Robert, 145. 
Downs, Tlie, 24. 
Dowse, John, 130. 
Doyley, Cope, 159. 
Drake, Sir Fi'ancis, 22. 
Drayton, Roger, 128. 
Drew, Thomas, 128. 
Drewry's Bluff, 133. 



Drummond, Elizabeth, 80; Sarah, 53, 
123; William, 51, 52, 53, 70, 100, 114, 
123. 

Dublin, 90. 

Duke, P:iizabeth, Sir Edward, 158. 

Durant, Richard, 149. 

Durfey, Goodrich. 17, 18, 20, 59, 00, 79, 
1 09.' 

Durham,. 90. 

Dutch Gap Canal, 1 1. ]3(). 

Dutch war, 70. 102. 

Dutchmen, 102. 

East India School. 130. 

Eastern Shore, 89, 100, 118. 

Eastern View. 135. 

Edinburgh, UniversitA' of, 94. 

Edward,'^01d, 24. 

Edward, William, 53, .54, 85. 

Effingham, 109. 

Elav, Lancelot. 47. 

Elizabeth City, 63, 74, 89, 158, 159, 
100. 

Elizabeth City Corporation, 117, 130. 

Elizabeth City county, 57, 91, 92, 118. 
150, 151, 154, 15(i. 100. 

Elizabeth Fort, 13(). 

Elizabeth City Parish. 92. 

ElizabeUi. Princess. 120. 158. 

Elizabeth, Cjueen, 22. 

Elizabeth River. 120, 150. 

Elliott, Anthony, 93. 

Emry, Thomas, 24. 

England. 28, 30, 32, 53, 40, 41, 42. 43, 44, 
45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53., 54, 56, 62, 03, 
()(), 07, 08, 75, 70, 90, 91, 92, 94, 90, 
97, 117. 120, 120, 129, 131, 130, 139, 
140, 144, 140, 150, 154, 155, 159, 100. 

English, William, 42. 

]<]pes family, 131; Col. Francis, 131. 

E|)iscopal Church, 01, 98. 

b]pisco]ialians, 98. 

Essex, Earl of, 22. 

Essex county, 07. 

Evere, Ester, 30. 

Fairfax family, 60; Margaret. 87; Wil- 
liam, 41, 87", 148. 

Falconer. James, 159. 

Falkland, Lord, 102. 

Falling Creek, 132, 133, 135. 

Falls, The, 11, 134. 

Farmer. Henry, 30. 

Farmville and Powhatan Railroad, 132. 

Farrar (Ferrar), Nicholas, 33, 35, 130; 
William, 43, 130, 136. 

Farrar's Island, 118, 132, 136, 137, 138. 

Farrell, Hubert, 71. 

Fenton. Robert, 24. 

Field Bool- of the Anierienn Bevolution, 
17, 19. 



Index. 



179 



Fife, William. 1.50. 

Filiiior fiiinilv, ()7. 

Fitchett. .Joliii. 103, 170. 

Fitt, Ann. Robert. 148. 

Fitts. 38: Eobeit, 38. 

Fitzluif,'!). Airs., 135. 

Flint, Thomas, 152. 

Flora \'irginica, !>4. 

Flower, George, 24. 

Flower do Hundred. 10. 11. 127. 128. 143. 
145. 

Fontaine. James, 115: Joliii, 15!): Peter, 
1)5. 

Foree's Tracts, 94. 

Ford. Robert. 24. 

Forrest, ]\[rs.. 73. 87. 

Forth. John. 109. 

Fort Field, 158, 159. 

Forts. 99, 13(i: Fort Algernourne, 101; 
Fort Charles, 12, 158, 159. 1(51; Fort 
Henry, 12, 158, 159, 161: Fort Point 
Comfort, Fort George, Fort Monroe, 
102; Fort Charity, Mount Malado, 
Fort Elizabeth, Fort Patience. 130; 
Fort Xelson. 57: Fort ^Vest, 134. 

Foster, John. 30. 

Foster's Oxford Mafriciilafcs, 92. 

Fouler. Francis. 30. 

Four Mile Creek. 138. 

Four :\rile Tree. 20. 31. 123. 

Fowler. John. 88, 148. 

Fowler's Neck. 88, 148. 

Fowke, Gerard, 60. 

Fox, Capt., 48. 

France. 49. 95. 

French Huguenots. 10. 

Friiiate Lantling. Ki. 45. 

Frith. IJicliard. 24. 

Gain. Elias. 37. 

Garret. Will. 24. 

Gates. Sir Thomas. 12. 22. 20. 27, 28, 29, 
30. 31. 32. 40. 02. 03, 74. 75. 87, 99, 
100. 100, 132. ]:U. i:i(i. 151. 154. 158; 
Thomas, 124. 

Gatesville, 132. 

Gather, John, 30. 

Gauler. Mr.. 52. 115. 

General Assenddv. Ki. 31. 44. 45. 40. 47. 
48, 49, 50. 52', 53, 00. 03, 04, 70, 70, 
77. 78, 91, 94. 9(i, 110. Ill, 112, 114. 
117. 118, 122, 120, 127. 131. 130. 137, 
143, 102. 

General Court. 53. 89. 92. 110. 112. 

George, The, 40. 41. 150. 

George IT.. 133. 

Gibbs, Lieutenant .Tdlm. 127. 

Gibson. Frances. 3<p. 

Gift of God, The. 150. 

Gilbert, 22. 



Gill, Alexander, 30. 

(iilliam. John, 72. 170. 

(iirardin, L. H.. 10. 71. 79. 

Glass-house (see Subject Index). 

(ilebe Land, 87, 88, 89, 97. 

Gloucester county, 12, ()7. 94, 105, 113. 

(iloucester Xeck, 07. 

Gloucester Point. 52, 114. 

Gloucestershire, 133. 

Glover. Henry. 38. 

(iodwiii, .Moigaii, Thomas, 92. 

Goodspccd, The, 21, 23. 

Goegen, 155. 

Gooch. Sir William. 95. 

Goochland county. 139. 

Goode's Creek. 134. 

Goode. John. 134. 

Goodwins. 07. 

Gookin, Daniel, 154. 155, 150; Daniel, 
Jr., 154, 155; John. 155; Sir Vincent, 
155. 

Goose Island Flats, 10. 

Goose Hill, 15, 38. 40. 41. 

Gosnold (GosnoU). Anthony, 24; Bar- 
tholomew, 23. 24. ()9. 

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 22. 

Gough, John, 93. 

Gouldsmith, Nicholas. 37. 

Gourganey (Gurgany). Mr., 138, 147. 

Governor's House, loO-lOi). 

Governor's Land, IS. 147. 

Grant, General, 131. 132. 

Graues (Graves), George, 37. 

Graves, Thomas. 145. 

GraA'esend, 03, 76. 

Gray, Thomas. 123. 

Grave, Jane. Thomas, William, 38. 

Gray's Creek, 21, 122. 123. 

Green, John, 91. 

Greene, John, 38: Sislev. 30. 

Greenspring. 18. 52. 57V 59. 85, 80, 105, 
107. 108, 109, 114. 

Green way. 140. 

Grendon, Sarali. Tliomas. 140. 

Grevett. 38: John. 38. 

Grigsby, Hugh Blair. 83. 

Grimes, Ann, 3(i. 

Grindall, Edward. 40. 

Grove, John. 149. 

Grymes family, 124. 

Gurganv (Gourgainey) , Ann. 138; Ed- 
ward." 138. 147. 

Hackluyt, Richard. 22. 

Hall, Amy; Christopher, 148: George, 
30 ; John, 38 : Susan, 30. 

Halson. George. 159. 

llalthrop. Stephen. 24. 

Hamlin. John. 128. 

Hammond, jMainwaring. 1(!2. 



180 



Index. 



Hamor, Ralph, 20, ;3(i, :3!), 75, 100; Mrs., 

30. 
Hampton, 23, 57. 145, 14!), 151, 150, 158, 

159, 100, 101. 
Hampton Parish, 02. 
Hampton River, 12, 158, 151», Kil. 
Hampton Roads, 150, 1()2. 
Hampton, Thomas, 78, 8!), 101. 110, 111, 

lOlJ; William, 89. 
Hansford, Mr., 48. 
Hardiman, Frances, John, Henrietta. 

Maria, Sarah, 128. 
Hardings. 132. 
Harlow, Anthony, 38. 
Harrington, Edward, 24. 
Harris, George, 140; Thomas, 138, 140; 

William, 103, 142. 
Harrison family, 124. 
Harrison's Landing, 142. 
Harrison, Benjamin, 84, 95, 130, 142; 

Hannah, 84; Nathaniel, 120, 129; 

Sarah, 95; Thomas, 90; William 

Henry, 142; William, 148. 
Harrop' (Harup) Parish, 149, 101. 
Hartt, Capt., 37. 
Hartley, William, 37. 
Hartwell, Henry, 54, 78, 170. 
Harvard College, 120, 100. 
Harvard. John. 120. 100. 
Harvev. Sir John, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 

03, 77, 103, 100, 110, 127, 144, 101. 
Harwood family, 145; Anne, Agnes, Jo- 
seph, Samuel, 145; Thomas, 89; Wil- 
liam, 150. 
Harup (Harrop), 149, lOi. 
Hawkins, Sir John, 22. 
Heacham, 75. 
Hebbs, Thomas, 37. 
Henrico, 29. 31, 32, 33, 03. 07. 70, 94. 

Ill, 112, 118, 119, 130, 130, 137, 138. 

145, 151. 
Heni'ico county, 118, 132, 145. 
Henrietta ]Maria, 42. 
Henry, Prince of Wales, 29, 120, 130. 
Henry VII., 88. 
Hereford, 92, 138. 
Herefordshire, 123. 
Herring Creek, 143. 
Heyley, Willis, 151. 
Heyman, Peter, 100. 
Hichcocke, Kilibett. 30. 
Hichmoi'e (Hickmore), ]\Irs., vx.. 37. 
Hiffginson, Humphrey, 149 ; Robert, 46. 
Hiir, Edward, Jr., Edward, Elizabeth, 

140; Nicholas, 121; Thomas, 45, 127. 
Hinton, John, 37 ; Sir Thomas, 153. 
Hog Island, 20, 27, 31, 41, 55, 122. 
Holland, 136, 149. 
Holland, Gabriel, Mary, 40. 



Holmes, Capt., 37. 

Holt, Randall, 41, 122. 

Homewood, 122. 

Hone, Catherine, 93; Theoiihilus, 52, 05. 

70, 92, 93. 
Hooe, Rice, 127. 
Hooke, Francis, 161. 
Hooker, Thomas, 36. 
Hope, James Barron, 61. 
Hopley, Catherine, 01. 
Hough, Francis, 153. 
Houlgrave, Nicholas. 24. 
Howard, Lord Thomas, 22; Lord of Ef- 

lingham, 64, 109. 
Howell, Andrew, 37. 
Howellton, 129. 
Howlett, Randall, 36. 
Howlett's Battery, 137. 
Hudson, Edward, 37. 
Hull. Nathaniel, 40. 
Hume family, 00. 
Hunt, Robert, 24, 25, 73, 7-^, 87 ; William, 

140. 
Hutchings, Amy, John, 86. 
Hutchinson, Robert, 111. 
Intlian House Thicket. 158. 
Indians, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 25, 26. 29, 33, 

35, 46, 51, 53, 69, 75, 76, 9y, 100, 102, 

103, 108, 112, 113, 120, 124, 128, 134, 

135. 
Invincible Armada, 22. 
Ipswich, 92. 
Ireland, 90, 155. 
Isgraw (Isgrave), John. 37. 
Isham, Henry ( Mary, William. 139. 
Isle of Wight countV. 10, 118, 121, 122, 

152. 
Italians, 103. 
Jackson, Ephraim, 37; John, 37, 04, 150; 

vx, 37. 
James City. 19, 31, 39, 41, 51, .52. 54, r-,S. 

(iO, 64," 70, 78, 92, 101, 110, 130; 

church. 90; parish, 31, 89, 97, 98. 
James City counry, 11, 10, 50. 00, 70, 71, 

77, 118, "119, 128, 132, 147, 149, 150. 
James City Corporation, 117, 123, 130, 

136. 
James River, 14, 15, 31, 51. 53, 55, 61, 

67, 82, 88, 94, 110, 118, 120, 124, 129, 

131, 132, 150, 152, 150, 100. 
Jamestown (see Subject Index). 
Jamestown Society, 00. 
James I.. 22, 23, 75, '/7, 120, 136, 158. 
James, Richard, 52, 50 ; Thomas, 90. 
Jaquelin, Edward, 56, 65, 82; Martha, 

82; Edward, Jr., 82. 
Jarvis, Capt. Thomas, 158. 
Jefferson, John, 127; Thomas, 127, 139. 
Jefferys, Nathaniel, vx, 37. 



Index. 



181 



Jeffiyes, Col. Herbert, G4, 123. 

Jolinson, Elizabeth, 149: James liray. 
14!); John, 38, 40, 50, Go. 

Johnson. v\, 38; infans, 38; William. 24; 
I'hiiii). 14!t. 

Johnslon. Jos('|)]i E., 13!), l.j(). 

Jonas, William, 40. 

Jones. Hugh. 50. 07, 9G ; Roger, l.lo; 
Rowland. !)3 : William. 38: vx. 38. 

Jones- Neck. 118, 131, 132, 138. 

Jordan. Cicelev. 12!) : George. 123; Sam- 
uel. 12!). 131. 

.lordan"s .lorney. 12!), 13U, 13!). 

Juxon family. 07. 

Kaquothoeun. 10. 

Kean, Aliee, 38. 

Kecoughtan, 12. 23. 31. 33. 154. 150, 158, 
15!). 

Kecoughatan Indians, 12, 13. 150. 

Keith's Creek, 150. 

Keith. C4eorge, !)4, 150. 151; John, 150, 
151 : :Martha, Susan, 150. 

Kempe. Richard. 44. 45, 40. 03. 

Kendall. Capt. George. 24, GO, 6!). 

Kennedy. Alexander, 100. 

Kenwan Creek. 144. 

Kent Island. 42. 

Kent. England. 87, 88, 120, 160. 

Key. Thomas. 153. 

Kimage's Creek. 140. 

King. Mr., 133. 

Kinii' and Queen county. !)1. 

Kinir's Creek. 71. !)0. 142. 

Kingsmill. Elizabeth. 14!): Richard. 04. 
148. 

Kingsmill. Plantation. 148. 

Kingston, Ellis. 24. 

Kirkman. Francis. 92. 

Kiskiack. 150. 

Knight. Edward. 103: John. Mary. 85: 
Peter, 47. 121. 

Knowles. John. 54. 90. 

Kullaway. John, 30. 

La Fayette. 57. 

Langley, Sarah, 3(). 

Lawarr. 2!). 

Lawne. Christopher. 122. 

Lawne's Creek. 118. 122. 

Lawrence. Richard. 51, 52. 53, 60, 71, 109. 

Lawson. Capt.. 29: Chri., 30; yx, 30. 

Laxon. William. 24. 

Laydon. John. 24. 02. 73. 74. 87. 153: 
Virginia. 02. 74: Anne. Alice. Kathe- 
rine. ^largaret. 74. 

Lee. 59: Light Horse Harry. 140: Wil- 
liam. 59. 79. 85. 109: Robert E.. 135. 
139. 140. 

Lee Hall. 152. 

Leet. 38. 



Leister, Thomas, 30. 
Le Xeve. Williams, <)0. 97. 
Lewis, Eleanor, Fielding, Thomas, War- 
ner, 145. 
Ley. Chief Justice, 03. 
Leyden, Frontispiece and p. 34. 
Lightfoot, John. 30. 40: Richard. Philip, 

140. 
Lincoln. President. 131. 
Little England. KiO. 
"Little Powhatan." 11, 134. 
"Little Wanton," 70. 
Littletown, 149. 
Lister, P^dward, 128. 
London, 35. 07, 84, 92. 121. 124. 120. 129, 

130. 140, 142, 143, 144, 140, 152. 
London Company, 30, 32. 33, 44. 103, 

127, 133, 134. "l30, 142. 144. 145. 147, 

150. 1.54, 155, 158. 
London, Bishop of. 94. 
Longden. 140. 
Long-field, 138. 
Lossing. Benson J., 17, 19. 
Loye, William. 24. 
Low Countries, 22. 
Lower Xorfolk county. 90. 120, 155. 
Lowry, John, 100. 
Loyd,' Math., 37; Cornelius, 142. 
Lucas, Thomas, 00. 
Lud\yell. Hannah. 84; Hannah Philippa, 

109;Philip. 18. 54, 50. 05. 82. 84. 108, 

109, 114, 115, 110, 127; Thomas. 50, 

112, 110. 
Lunsford. Sir Thomas. 06. 
Lynn. 120. 

Lynnhayen Bay, 120. 
Lyon. Elizabeth, 30. 
Macock, Sarah,' 30. 
^fadison, James, 57, 98; John. 57. 
Elaine. France. 95. 
.Main. The. 20, 35, 38. 79. 98. 101. 105. 
Main Church (I'pper Church, in James 

City Parish. CInirch on the Main), 79, 

82, "^ 98. 
Mallory, Elizabeth, Martha. Nathaniel, 

Roger, Thomas. William. 90, 91; 

Philip. 48. 90, 91. 15!l. 
Malyern Hill. 138. 141, 142. 
Manakin (Monacans), 10. 134, 135. 
Mapsoc Creek. 127. 144, 145. 
Margaret, The. 142. 
Miirqarei and John. 148. 
:\Iarion Hill. 134. 
Marshall. Jolin. 139: Robert. 40: Roger, 

40. 
^lartian. Nicholas. 42. 
:Martin. Dorcas. 120: .Tohn. 24. 27. 09, 

120: Richard. 120. 150. 
Martin's Brandon, 31, 126. 



183 



Index, 



Martin's Hundred. !)3, 147, 149, 150. 

M(tri/ and Margaret, 73. 

Miiryland, 42, 90, 90, 100. 

Mary's Mount, 154. 

Mason, Ann. Lemuel, 120; Dorothea, 75. 

Massachusetts, 128, 155. 

Matlicnian. John, 3(). 

Mathews Manour, 152. 

Mathews, John, 152; Samuel. 43, 48, 04, 

152. 101. 
Matliew Whaley Model and Practice 

School, 109. 
Matliomank, 10. 
Matoaka, 70. 
Matoax, 131. 
May, Mr., 92. 

Maycock, Samuel, Sarah, 124, 128. 
Maycock's Plantation, 128. 
Mai/fioircr, The, 128. 
Maynard, Capt., Henry, 100. 
Mayo, William, 135. 
McCabe, J. C, 159. 
McGlellan, George B., 139, 142. 
McCrearv, Mr., 58. 

Meade, Bishop William, 17, 79, 80, 91. 
Meadowville. 82, 132. 
Mease, William, 35, 158, 159. 
Menifie, George, 37, 39, 42, 43, 45, 53, 

04, 144, 149. 
Mentis, Tliomas, 37. 
Merchant's Hope, 120, 129; Merchant's 

Hope Church, 129. 
Mercer, Thomas, 144. 
Merrimae, The, 10, 156. 
Merton College, 93. 

Middle Plantation, 52, 50, 78, 88, 93, 114. 
Middlesex, 07, 144. 
Midwinter, Francis, 24. 
Miles, Alice, John, 123. 
Mill Creek, 20, 159. 
Milton, Richard, 140. 
Minge, Collier, 140. 
MiiineRota. The, 156. 
Mokete, 10, 121. 
Mole, Samuel, 111. 
Monacans (Manakins), 10, 134, 135. 
Monitor, The, 150. 
Monroe, Fort. 101. 
INIonumental Church, 82. 
INIorish. Edward, 24. 
Morton's Bay, 120. 
Morton, IMatthew, 120. 
Moryson (Morrison), Charles, 102; 

Francis, 04, 82, 103, 123, 102; Richard, 

Robert, Sir Richard, 102. 
Moss family, 67. 
Moulston, Thomas, 30. 
Mount Malado. 130. 
Mouton, Thomas, 24. 



:\Iudgc, William, 38. 

Mulberry Island, 27, loi. 152: church, 

90, 152. 
Mutton, Richard, 24. 
Nansemond, 89, 90, 119, 145, 102; riyer, 

10, 117, 121. 
Nansemond Indians, 10, lo4. 
Naugatuek, The, 15(i. 
Naseway Shoal, 121. 
Neck of Land (Charles City), 131, 132, 

137, 138. 
Neck of Land (James City), 20, 31, 35, 

88, 100, 148. 
Negroes and Indians' Adroeate, 92. 
Nelson, George, 30; Francis, 02. 
Nestell, Peter, 57. 
Netherlands, 27. 
Newce, Thomas, William, 155. 
New College, 89. 
New England, 90, 117. 
New Kent county, 140. 
Newell, Dayid, Jonathan, 54, 170. 
New Norfolk county, 89, 118; Lower, 

118: Upper, 89, 118. 
Newport, Christopher, 14, 22, 23, 25, 20, 

29. 02, 09, 73, 134; Thomas, 14. 
Newport Newce, 155. 
Newport News, 117, 118, 154, 155, 150. 
Newport-snuw, 155. 
Newstead, 130. 
Newton, Thomas, 57, 58. 
New Town, 38. 
Newtown Hayen Riyer, 121. 
New York. 98, 159. 
Nibley, 142. 
Nicholson. Sir Francis, 10. 50, 04, 109, 

110, 100. 
Nixon, William, 159. 
Nonsuch, 11, 134. 
Norfolk, 57, 80, 98, 121. 
Norfolk and Portsmoutit Herald, 57. 
Norfolk Beacon, 89. 
Norfolk county, 75, 119, 121. 
Nortliampton county, 154. 
Northamptonshire, 139, 140. 
North Carolina, 51, 9(), 123, 100. 
Northern Neck, 07. 
Norton, William, 103. 
Norwood. Henry, l(i2. 
Norsworthy, Tristram, 121. 
Nutmes Quarter, 153. 
Oakland, 159. 
O'Connor. James, 57. 
Oholasc, 10. 
OkeAyell, 91. 
Old Cliurehes. etc., 91. 
Old Edward, 24. 
O'Neill, Grace, 154. 
Opechancanough, 13, 40, 03, 108. 



IXDEX. 



183 



Opitcliapan, 13, 14. 

Opussoquioiiusko, 10. 

Ontliak.s. 11. 

Or^^ain, Martha Alk'ii, (10. 

Onusidc, "J7. 

Osbuuni. John, 38. 111. 

Osbourn's Wharf, 132. 

0th way. Thomas, 37. 

Ottahotin, 13. 

vx Ousbourn. 3S. 

Oxford county, 93. 

O.cfonl Matriculates, 92. 

Oxford Univer.sitv, 51, 87, 89, 91, 92. 93, 

97. 
Pace. George, Richard, 35, 124, 128, 144; 

Isabella. 124, 144. 
Pace's Pains (Paines). 20, 124, 128. 144. 
Pagan Piver, 10, 121. 
Pagan Point, 10, 121. 
Page family. 07; Elizabeth. 104; John, 

104, 109,"^ 159, 170; Marv, 109: Mat- 
thew, 70. 109. 
Painter. Elinn, 38. 
Palace. Tlie, 109. 
Pandico Sound, 100. 
Pamunkey. 13, 114. 
Pamunkey Piver, 13. 
Panton. Anthony, 44. 
Parahunt. 11, 134. 
Park. 39. 

Parliament, 22, 47, 03. 
Parson's Creek, 129. 
Partin. Robert, 158. 
Paspahcgh, 11, 12, 13, 23, 102, 111, 

140. 
Paspahegh Old Fields, 104, 114, 147. 
Paspahcgh Indian Town, 12, 124, 140. 
Passmore Creek, 15. 
Passmore. Thomas, 15. 37, 40. 
Pate, Thomas, 105. 
Patience, The, 154. 
Paulett. Lord. Robert. 142, 143 ; Tliomas, 

142, 143, 147. 
Peale, 140. 
Pecock, Nat., 24. 
Peirsey (Piersey), Abraham. 40. 127, 

145,' 153; Elizabeth, 39, 127; Mary, 

127. 
Peirsey's Hundred, 127, 128. 
Pembroke Farm, 159. 
Penington, John, 24. 
Peninsuhi. Tlie. 01, 07, 150. 
Pennsyhania, 159. 
Pep i SCO, 10. 
Pepiscumah, 10. 
Peppet. Gilbert, 151, 152. 
Percy (Percie), George, 10, 12, 20, 24, 

02. 100, IGl; William Algernon de. 

101. 



Perry, Henry, 144; William, 123, 124, 

144. 
Peteet, John, 48. 
Petersburg. 57, 124, 130, 131. 
Pettus, Elizabeth, ^lourning, Thomas, 

149. 
Phillips, General, 130, 131. 
Phipps, John, 103. j|j 

Pianketank, 12. 
Pickett, George E., 139. 
Pickhouse, Dru(e), 24. 
Pierce, Jane, 39, 41, 75; Jone, 30; Wil- 
liam, 39, 40, 41, 75, 151, 152, 
Pierse, Thomas, 70. 
Pink, William, 40. 
Pising, Edward, 24. 
Pitch and Tar Swamp, 15, 19, 38, 39. 53, 

54, 71, 100, 115, 110. 
Plantations across the ^vater, 20. 
Plymouth, 128. 
Pocahontas, 03, 75, 70, 87, 108, 123, 137, 

151. 
Pochins. 12. 158. 
Polentine. John, 130. 
Poles, 102. 
Point Comfort (Old Point), 27, 110, 120, 

150, 101, 102. 
Point Comfort Fort, 101, 1G2. 
Point Hope. 155. 
Political Diyisions, 117-119. 

Pomell, Elizabeth, 30. 

Pontes. John, 30. 

Poole, Robert. 151, 152. 

Poolley, Greyille, 1^0. 

Pope, George, 38. 

Popham, Sir John, 22. 

Port Newce, 155. 

Portsmouth, 57. 

Porter, Abraham, 37. 

Pory, John, 41, 70, 77. 

Pott. Elizabeth. 30; Francis. 42. 45, 101; 
John 30, 39, 41, 43, 45, 03, 110, 148. 

Potomac Riyer, 07. 

Powell. Ensign, 12. 102; John. 89; Na- 
thaniel, 24, 03, 128: Thomas, 129; Wil- 
liam, 30, 04, 89, 147. 

Povvell's Creek, 124, 128, 129. 

Powell (Powle), Brook, 120, 128, 129. 

"Powhatan," 134. 

Powhatan (Indian werowance), 9, 10, 11, 
12, 13, 14, 03, 75, 102, 134, 140. 

Powhatan Creek, 10, 20, 148. 

Powhatan Indians. 10. 11, 13, 134, 140. 

Powhatan Riyer. 51. 

Powhatan Swamp. 108, 109. 

Powhatan's Tree. 108. 

Poythress, Joseph, 128: Miss, 70. 

Prescott, Edward, 53. 

Present State of Virijinia, The, 07, 90. 



184 



Index. 



Piesque Isle, 131, 13'J. 
Preston. Charles Mayes, William, Wil- 
liam Stephenson, 97. 
Price, Edward, 37. 
Princess Anne county, ll'.l. 
Prince George county, 10, 119, 124, 128, 

129, 130. 
Pritchard, Thomas, 153. 
Privy Council, 130. 
Proctor's Creek, 11. 
Profit, Jonas, 24. 
Provence, 149. 

Prvor. Roger A., 98. 

Puritan, 47, 90. 

Purton (Poetan, Powhatan) Bay, 9. 

Puttock, Lieut,. 12, 103, 

Quakers. 92. 

Quarter Court, 108. Ill, 148, 

Queen's College, 97. 

Queen's Creek, 127, 145, 

Queen's Street, Hampton. KiO. 

Quinev, Ellen, Thomas. 12(): Richard, 
12(),' 129. 

Quioughcohannock. 10, 12, 124, 

Ragged Islands, 121. 

Rainslipp, 144. 

Raleiiih. Sir Walter, 22, 

Raleigh Tavern, 58, 

Ralye, Andrew, 37. 

Ramsey, Edward, 48. 

Randolph, Anne, Innes, 136; Beverley, 
135; Bishop, 135; Henry, 111, 112; 
John. 7(3. 131, 138; Peter, 135; Rich- 
ard. 58. 71, 79, 138, 139; Robert, 135; 
William, Jr„ 135; William, Sr.. 134, 
138, 139; Edward, Edmund, Elizabeth. 
Henrv, Isham, Mary, Richard, Sir 
John," Thomas, William, 139. 

Rappahannock River, 109, 124. 

Rappahannock Neck, 67, 

Ratcliffe. John. 23, 24, 62, 69, 73, 100, 
124, 161; Elkington, 30. 

Ravenett, William. 30. 

Ravenscroft, Thomas, 128. 

Rayner. Wassell. 37. 

Read. Jam:. 24, 

Reculver, 87, 

Reddish. John, 38. 

Reigate, 89. 

Reignolds, 37. 

Revolution. American. 9/, 98, 109. 133, 

130, 147, 150, 102. 
Rich, Robert. 75. 
Richard III., 88. 
Ricliaidson. Robert. 126, 

Richmond. 11. 59. 00, 79, 82, 120, 131. 

132. 143, 147, 
Ricks, Richard. 54, 
Riddall, Sarah, 37. 



Roanoke, 76, 138, 

Roanoke River. 13, 

Ri)l)('rts, James, 38. 

Robins, Obedience, 154. 

Robinson, Jehu, 24; Mrs. Mary, 145. 

Rochedale Creek, 1 32, 

Rochedale Hundred, 131, 132. 

Rodes, William, 24. 

Rogers, William B., 58. 

Rolfe, Elizabeth, 36; Henry. 76: John, 
29, 39, 63, 75, <6. 87. 151, 152, 137; 
Thomas, 76, 87, 123. 

Rolfo's Creek, 123, 

IJookins, William, 122. 

liossingham, Edward, 127. 

Rosegill, 109. 

Roj^al Commissioners, 52, 123, 

Royal Society, 94, 144, 

Royal Society Transactions:, 94. 96. 

Ruese, Roger, 36. 

Sadler. Ann, Ellen. 126; John, 126, 129. 

St. James Northam. 97. 

St, Alary's Hall, 90, 

St, ^larv's Church in Smith's Hundred, 
145. 

Salisbury, Earl of. 22. 

Salter, Elizabeth, 36. 

Sanders, Richard. 45. 

Sands, George, Thomas, 36. 

Sandv Gut, 47, 

Sandy Bay. 16, 17, 19, 51. 170. 

Sandy Point, 12, 118, 140, 

Sandvs. George, 20, 40, 103. 149; Sir Ed- 
win, 33, 35. 40, 133. 145. 

*S'«ra7i Constant, The, 21. 23, 

Sassafras Parish, 96, 

Saunders, John, 57; John Hyde, 97; 
Major, 57 ; Robert, 58. 

Savage, Thomas, 14. 

Sawier, William, 37. 

Scotland. 49, 60. 67. 

Scotland Wliavf, 123. 

Scott, Anthony, 28 ; Henry, 37 ; Nic, 24. 

Scrivener, Master. 26, 73. 

Hea renture, 26, 40, 131, 154. 

Seawell. Henry, 120, 

Selden. ]Miles,'l35: William. 159, 

Semple, James. 58, 

Senflf, Charles H., 138. 

Senior. John, 103. 

Sewell's Point. 120. 

Shakespeare, Judith, 120; William, 07, 
126, 158. 

Sharpe, John, 28, 30: Samuel, 131. 

Sharpless, Edward, 36. 

Slu^flield's Plantation. 132. 

Sheffield, Thomas. 132. 

Shelley. John. 37; Walter, 145, 

Shepi^ard, Robert, 37. 



Index. 



185 



Sherlev. Cecillv. Thomas. 140. 

Slu'ili'V (Shiil'ev) lliindrcd. .Jl. 1:31, 1:5!), 
140,' 142. 

Slieiwood Forest, 14(). l.")7. 

Sherwood, I'eceable, 37; Williain. 'r2, 53, 
54. 56, (io, 78, 84, !)!>, 115, 110. 

Shirley (Sherley) Hundred, 31, 131, 139, 
140. 141, 142. 

Shorclutni, The, 100. 

Short, Jolin. 24. 

Shropshire. 92. 

Shiirke. tieorge, 38. 

Sidney, 22. 

Simons. Richard. 24. 

SkiHVs Creek. 11. liS. 150. 

Skipwith. Sir \\ illiam, GO. 

Skore, Simeon, 14. 

Skyren, Henry, 159. 

Smahvood. Kandall. 38. 

Small. Robert. 24. 

Smethes, William, 24. 

Smith (Smvth), Abigail. 122, 149; H. B., 
18: John. 11, 22. 23. 24, 26, 33. 02, 73, 
76, 102, 106, 123, l34, 135, 142. 140, 
153, 161; Osten. 37; Roger, 36. 39, 
148; Thomas, 22, 35, 36, 70, 145, 146, 
153. 

Smithfield, 10, 70. 

Smith's Fort. 123. 

Smith's (Smyth's) Hundred, 145. 

Smith's Island, 103, 

Snarsbrough, Francis, 24. 

Snowe, Rebecca, Sarah, 37. 

Soldiers' Home, 12. 

Somers, Matthew, 154; Sir George Som- 
ers. 22. 26. 40. 154. 

Soutliampton. Earl of. 33. 35, 145. 158. 

Southamiiton Hundred, 145. 

Southampton River, ^3, 158. 

ISoiithern Literary Messenger, 17, 58, 71. 

Southern, John, 37. 40, 04. 

Southey. Ann, Mrs., 38. 

Southwark Parish, 7/, 93. 

Spaniards, 21, 23, 161. 

Spelman. Henry. 11, Hi. 135. 

Spence, infans, 38; vx Spence, 38: Wil- 
liam, 38. 64. 88. 148. 

Spencer, Kathren, 3(> : Nicholas, l»4 : Wil- 
liam, 40. 

Spilman, Thomas, 37. 

Spooner, John, 159. 

Spotswood, Alexander, 159. 

Spraggins. Radulph, 45, 78. lOl. 111. 

Stacy. Robert, 126. 

Stafford, Benedict, 155. 

Stafford count v. 140. 

Staffordshire. 133. 

Stanley Hundred, 151, 152. 

Starkey, Elinor, Elizabeth, 37. 



Starving Time, The, 26, 74. 99, 12,i. 

Stcgge. Thomas, 45, 112. 

Stephens, Elizabeth, 128; Richard. 37, 

39, 127: Samuel. 39, 127. 
Stereiis Ii<itler;i, The. 15(i. 
Stex'eiison, John, 24. 
Stillwell, Nicholas, 4(). 
Stith, John, 139; William, 137, 139. 
Stockden, Jonas, 158. 
Stoiks, Goodman, \\ Stoiks, infans 

Stoiks, 38. 
Stoke-Bruern, 14(i. 
Stokes, Christopher. 153. 
Stonier, Alexander, 46, 99. 
Ston, Moves. 37. 

Stracliey," William, 9. 13, 14, 28, 29, 69. 
Stratford on Avon, 126. 
Stratton, Joseph, 153. 
Strawberry Banks. 159. 
Studley, Thomas, 24. 
Sturgeon Point. 11. 146. 
Sturgis, Symon, 126. 
Suffolk county. 129. 
Sulley, Thomas. 100. 
Sunmierfield. 160. 
Sunken Marsh Creek. 124. 
Sunken Marsh Plantation, 124. 
Supplies: First, 25, 62, 73; second. 26, 

62, 102; third, 26, 62, 75. 134. 
Surry county, 10, 50, 70, 71, 77, 84, 89, 

93^ 95, 119, 122, 123. 124. 
Surry, Sussex and Southampton Rail- 
road, 123. 
Swann, ]\ra.tthew, 70: Samuel, 123; 

Thomas. 52. 112, 123; William, 123. 
Swann's Point. 20, 123. 
Swinbrook. 93. 
Swinhow. Thomas, 144. 
Swinyards | Swiniares. Ewineherds), 144. 
Symes. Benjamin, KiO. 
Symonds. Dorothy, 90. 
Tabb, Major Thomas. 158. 
Taberer, Thomas. 121. 
Tackonekintaco. 10. 
Tahahcoope. 10. 
Tankard. William. 24. 
Tan\})()whatan. 11, 134. 
Tanxweyanoke, 127, 144, 145. 
Tapjiahanna Indians, 10, 13. 
Tai)pa]uinna countrj', 31. 
Tappalianna ]\Iarsh, 10. ' '-^ 

Tarleton, Col., 16, 133. 
Tassantassees. 14. 
Tavin. Henry. 24. 
Tayloe. William. 149. 
Taylor, Fortune, 36; John, 128, 129; 

Jeremiah. 159. 
Teach, 160. 
Tedington. 146. 



186 



IXDEX. 



Texas. (iO. 
Thatcher. 57. 

Thompson, Andrew. 159; George, Mau- 
rice, 142: William. 90, 142. 

Thorpe, George. 137. 142; Otho, 52. 

Throckmorton, Sir William, 142. 

Throgmorton, Kellam. 'Z4. 

Tidewater \'irginia, 14, 75. 

Timson family, 07. 

Tindall's Point, 52, 114. 102. 

Tirchtough, 10. 

Tobacco Point, 127, 145. 

Toekwogh, 13. 

TooKe, James. 38. 

Tortugas, 161. 

Totten, Dr. Silas, 17, 79. 

Townsend. Richard. o(i. 

Tracy, William. 128, 142. 

Travers, Raleigh, 00. 

Travis. Amy, 86: Champion. 57, 58. 59. 
65: Edward. 56, 64, 65, 86: Edward 
Champion, 65, 80, 86; Elizabeth. John, 
Susannah, 86. 

Traylor, R. L., 134. 

Treasurer, The, 32. 

Tree, Richard. 40. 45. 

Tree Hill Plantation. 134. 135. 

Trinity Colleoe. 92. 

Tucker's Hole\ 40. 

Tucker. William, 142. 

Turkey Island. 135. 138, 139. 

TurkeV Island Beud, 131, 139; creek, 118. 

Tuttey's Neck. 149. 

Twine, John, 76. 

Tyler, John. 60. 97, 146 : Mary, 97 : Sam- 
uel, 57. 58, 149. 

United States, 21. 22, 33. 66. 70. 116. 
146. 

University College. 77. 

University of Caml)ridge. 77. 85. 128. 

Upper and Xether Hundreds. 131. 

Upper Chippokes Creek, 10. 

Upton. John. 148. 

Utie, John, 43, 122. 

Utopia Bottoms. 149. 

Yander, Peter, Frontispiece and p. 34. 

Yarina. 76. 94, 137. 

Yienna, 109. 

Yincenzio, 103. 

Virriinia, The, 27. 151, 156. 

Yirginia Convention of 1776, 57, 58. 

Tirfjiiiia Historical Register, 00. 

Virc/inia Gazette, 97. 

Virgiuia Magazine of History and Biog- 
raphy, 92. 

Visitation of Essex, 92. 

^'isitatio^} of London, 92. 

Ynger. William. 24. 

Wakefield. 93. 124. 



Waldo, Capt.. 73. 

Walker, George, 24, 151; Jacob. 160. 

Waller, Charles, 36; Ensign, 12, 102; 

John, 24. 
Wallace, James, 159. 
Walnut Grove, 146. 
Warascoyack Indians, 10, 13; county, 

118; plantation, 4(!. 121. 
Warascoyack River. 121. 
War cop, 97. 

Ward, John, 127 : William, 37. 
Ward's Creek, 126, 127. 
Warden, John. 95. 
Wareham Ponds, 78. 149. 
Warner Hall, 145. 
Warnett, Thomas, 89. 
Warren, C. W., 122: William. 42; 

Thomas, 60. 
Warrington. Lewis. Kil ; Thomas, 159. 
War\vick, 133. 
Warwick county. 12. 67. 118, 153, 156, 

158. 
Warwick River, 151. 152. 153. 
Warwickshire, 133, 139. 
War^yick Town, 153. 
Washer, Ensign, 122. 
Washington, City of, 50, 60. 
Washington, George, 93. 140. 
Waters' Creek, 154. 
Waters, Edward, JNIargaret, William, 

154. 
Watson, John. 45. 
Watts Creek, 154. 
Weanock, 10. 
Webster, Jane, Judith, Lucy, Roger, 88, 

148: Richard. 54. 
Webb(e), Goodman. 38: Thomas. 24. 
\\'endover, 93. 
Werowocomoco, It, 12. 
^^'est family, 66 : Anthony, 37 ; Frances, 

153; Francis, 11, 29. 30. 63. 134. 135, 

140, 143; Henry. 143: John. 38, 43, 

110, 140, 143; Xathaniel, 140, 143, 

153; Thomas, 38, 140, 143: William, 

14. 
West Indies. 23. 32, 62, 92. 
Westminster Abbey, 92. 
Westover, 96, 97, 123. 127. 140. 142. 143, 

144, 157. 
Westmoreland county. England. 97. 
West Point. 48, 143. 
West's Sherlev Hundred. 131. 140. 
Wevanoke Indians. 10, 11, 13, 127. 144. 
Weyanoke. 127, 144. 145, 157. 
Weyanoke Point. 127. 
Weyohohomo. 10. 
Weynoek, 144. 
Weyman, Ferdinando. 27. 
^^'eyongopo, 10. 



iXDKX. 



187 



^\ll;ll(■\•. James. Marv. .Matliow. Tlimiias, 

](IU." 
Wliitaker, Alexamlcr. W illiaiii. i:{i). 
Wliitbv. 134. 
Wliitl/v. William. 111. 
^^■llitl^ .lohn. 78. 110: Mr.. 71: William, 

24. 54. 
White Cliappell. 84. 
A\liiteliaven. l.jO. 
NN'liitmoi'e. Robert. 37. 
Wliittinjrton, Sarah. William. 130. 
Wilhorforce. !I2. 
Wilkinson. William. 24. 1.3i>. 
Willcox lamilv. 144; John V.. 128. 
Williams. Hu^^h. 3(i. 
William and Mmv College. 17. 57, 58, 

(il. (57. 79. 94. 95, 9(i, 97, 98, 109, 137, 

139. 147, 151. 
Williitiii and Mary College Quarlcrly, 92. 
^Villiam and Mary Parish, 96. 
Williamsburg. 18." 515. 57. 58. 64, 72, 78. 

79. S2. 93. 95. 96. 109. 116. 137, 161. 
Willonghbv"s Sand 8pit. 120. 
Willoughby, Lord. Thomas, 120. 
Wilmington Parish. 128. 
Wilton. 135. 
Wilton, Xanev. 136. 
Windmill Point, 127. 
Windsor. 94. 
Wintriield. Edward Maria. 22, 24. 62, 69. 

87, 134. 
Winsor's yarrative and Critical Ilistory 

of America, ol, 100. 
Winthrop. Governor, 90. 
Wisp, Henry A., ill, 60. 



WochiiK'hopunok, 11, 102. 

Woddrop, Jolm, Margaret, 145. 

Wdodhouse. Thomas, 111. 170. 

Woodlille, John, 129. 142. 

Worcester county, 138. 

Woodward. ^lary, 36. 

Wormolev, Christopher. 92. 93, 161; 
Ralph,' 109. 

Wottcii, Thomas, 24. 

Wriotheslcy. Henry, 22, 33, 158. 

Wyatt family. 6(5: Anthony and Xicho- 
las. 129: Edward, George, Hawt(e), 
8ir Henry, Sir Thomas, 88 : Sir Fran- 
cis. 33. 35, 36, 43, 45, 63, 88. 89, 128, 
153: Hawte, Margaret, 30. 

Wynne, Capt., 73. 

Wythe, George, 151, 161; Margaret, 
Tliomas. 151. 

Yates. Elizabeth, 97 : William. 98. 

Veardlev, Argall, Elizabeth, Frances. 36; 
Georsc. 27. 30, 31. 32, 33, 36, 39, 63, 
66, 76. 106, 127, 128, 142, 144, 145, 148, 
152 : Temperance, 36, 152. 

Yemanson, James, 36. 

Yeocomoco. 162. 

Y'ork, 43, 52. 

York county. 48. 52. 67. 71. 89, 90, 91, 
92, 118, 150, 156. 

York River, 9. 11. 12, 13, 85. 114, 118, 
143, 156. 

Yorkshire, 93. 161. 

Y'orktown. 13. 42. 43. 

Y'ounge. 36: lone, 38: Richard, 38; vx, 
38: Mr.. 109. 

Youiihtannnid. 13. 



oec-i 



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